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Eposta GönderKsilitol, Xylitol, Xylitol, Xylite, Xylit, Birch Sugar, Meso Xylitol, Kannit, Eutrit, Pentitol, E967, 16277-71-7, 87-99-0
XYLITOL - KSİLİTOL
E967 - Birch Sugar
CAS: 87-99-0 / 16277-71-7
| Product Name | Xylitol |
| CAS Number | 87-99-0 (primary) / 16277-71-7 |
| EC Number | 201-788-0 |
| E Number | E967 |
| Chemical Class | Sugar Alcohol (Polyol) |
| Synonyms | Xylitol, Xylite, Birch Sugar, Meso-Xylitol, Sucre de Bouleau, Xilitol, Xylit, Kannit, Eutrit, Pentitol, Exilitol |
ITEM 1: PRODUCT IDENTITY AND NOMENCLATURE
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| IUPAC Name | (2R,3R,4S)-Pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol |
| Chemical Formula | C₅H₁₂O₅ |
| Molecular Weight | 152.15 g/mol |
| CAS Number | 87-99-0 (primary) / 16277-71-7 |
| EC Number | 201-788-0 |
| E Number | E967 |
| Synonyms | Xylitol, Xylite, Birch Sugar, Meso-Xylitol, Sucre de Bouleau, Xilitol, Xylit, Kannit, Eutrit, Pentitol, Exilitol |
| HS Code | 2905.49.00.00.00 |
| REACH Status | Registered and compliant |
Description: Xylitol is a sugar alcohol (polyol) naturally found in birch bark, fruits, and vegetables (plums, strawberries, cauliflower, pumpkin). It is approved as a food additive by the European Union under the code E967. It has a sweetness equivalent to sucrose but contains 40% fewer calories. Due to its dental caries prevention properties, it is widely used in sugar-free chewing gum, toothpaste, and oral care products.
ITEM 2: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Family | Sugar Alcohol (Polyol) |
| Structure | Five-carbon sugar alcohol (pentitol) |
| Functional Groups | Five hydroxyl (-OH) groups |
| Stereochemistry | Meso-form (optically inactive) |
| SMILES | C(C(C(C(CO)O)O)O)O |
| InChI Key | HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| Sweetness (Sucrose = 1) | 0.9 – 1.0 |
| Caloric Value | 2.4 kcal/g (sucrose: 4 kcal/g) |
Structural Formula:
text
CH₂OH
|
H-C-OH
|
HO-C-H
|
H-C-OH
|
CH₂OH
Description: Xylitol is a five-carbon sugar alcohol containing five hydroxyl groups. It exists in the meso-form, making it optically inactive. Its structure provides sweetness similar to sucrose but with a different metabolic pathway. Xylitol is metabolized slowly in the body without stimulating insulin secretion.
ITEM 3: PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND FORM
| Parameter | Specification | Test Method |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White crystalline powder or granules | Visual Inspection |
| Physical Form | Solid (crystalline) | Visual Inspection |
| Color | White | Visual Inspection |
| Odor | Odorless | Organoleptic |
| Taste | Sweet, cooling (negative heat of solution) | Organoleptic |
| Crystal Structure | Orthorhombic | Microscopic |
Description: Xylitol is supplied as a white, odorless, sweet-tasting crystalline powder or granules with a cooling sensation in the mouth due to its negative heat of solution. This property makes it particularly suitable for chewing gum and mint products.
ITEM 4: THERMAL PROPERTIES
| Property | Specification / Value | Test Method |
|---|---|---|
| Melting Point | 92 – 96 °C | DSC |
| Boiling Point | ~215 °C (decomposes) | – |
| Negative Heat of Solution | ~36 cal/g | – |
| Flash Point | > 100 °C | ASTM D93 |
Description: Xylitol is a crystalline solid that melts at 92-96°C. It decomposes at its boiling point. The negative heat of solution (absorbs heat when dissolving) creates a cooling sensation in the mouth, making it ideal for mint and chewing gum products.
ITEM 5: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
| Property | Specification | Typical Value | Test Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Density (20°C) | 1.52 g/cm³ | 1.52 g/cm³ | ASTM D792 |
| Bulk Density | 0.45 – 0.65 g/cm³ | 0.55 g/cm³ | ASTM D1895 |
| Solubility in Water (25°C) | High | ~1.5 g/mL | – |
| Solubility in Water (20°C) | High | ~1.6 g/mL | – |
| Solubility in Ethanol | Partially soluble | – | – |
| pH (10% Aqueous Solution) | 5.0 – 7.0 | 6.0 | pH Meter |
| Sweetness (Sucrose = 1) | ~1.0 | 0.9 – 1.0 | – |
| Caloric Value | 2.4 kcal/g | – | – |
| Glycemic Index | 7 | – | – |
Description: Xylitol has high solubility in water. Its aqueous solution is neutral to slightly acidic (pH 5.0-7.0). It provides sweetness equivalent to sucrose but with 40% fewer calories (2.4 kcal/g). Its glycemic index is very low (7), indicating minimal effect on blood sugar levels.
ITEM 6: PURITY AND ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATIONS
| Parameter | Specification | Typical Value | Test Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Purity | ≥ 99.0% | 99.5% | HPLC |
| Melting Point | 92 – 96 °C | 94 °C | DSC |
| Moisture Content | ≤ 0.5% | 0.1% | Karl Fischer |
| pH (10% Solution) | 5.0 – 7.0 | 6.0 | pH Meter |
| Ash Content | ≤ 0.1% | 0.02% | – |
| Heavy Metals (Pb) | ≤ 1 ppm | <0.5 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Arsenic (As) | ≤ 1 ppm | <0.5 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Lead (Pb) | ≤ 1 ppm | <0.5 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Glucose | ≤ 0.1% | 0.01% | HPLC |
| Arabinose | ≤ 0.1% | 0.01% | HPLC |
| Mannitol | ≤ 0.1% | 0.01% | HPLC |
| Sorbitol | ≤ 0.1% | 0.01% | HPLC |
| Reducing Sugars | ≤ 0.1% | 0.02% | – |
| Microbial Limit | Total < 1000 CFU/g | – | USP <61> |
| Yeast & Mold | < 100 CFU/g | – | USP <61> |
Description: Xylitol is supplied in high purity (>99.0%). Other sugar alcohols (sorbitol, mannitol, arabinose) and glucose content are strictly controlled. Heavy metal limits ensure safety for food and pharmaceutical applications. Microbial limits guarantee suitability as a food additive.
ITEM 7: FOOD INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS
| Application | Function / Description |
|---|---|
| Sugar Substitute | Low-calorie sweetener |
| Sugar-Free Chewing Gum | Sweetener, cooling effect, anti-caries |
| Sugar-Free Confectionery | Lollipops, mints, dragées |
| Ice Cream | Low-calorie sweetener |
| Baked Goods | Cakes, cookies, pastries |
| Jams and Jellies | Low-calorie sweetener |
| Chocolate | Sugar-free chocolate formulations |
| Tabletop Sweeteners | Powder or granular form |
| Nut Butters | Sweetener, humectant |
| Diet Products | Low-carb, low-calorie formulations |
| E967 | EU food additive code |
Description: In the food industry, xylitol is widely used as a sugar substitute and low-calorie sweetener. It provides sweetness equivalent to sucrose with 40% fewer calories. Its dental caries prevention properties make it particularly preferred in sugar-free chewing gum and confectionery. It is identified by the code E967 in the European Union.
ITEM 8: ORAL AND DENTAL HEALTH APPLICATIONS
| Application | Function / Benefit |
|---|---|
| Toothpastes | Sweetener, anti-caries |
| Mouthwashes | Sweetener, anti-caries |
| Sugar-Free Chewing Gum | Reduces plaque formation, prevents cavities |
| Sugar-Free Mints | Freshens breath, prevents cavities |
| Oral Sprays | Sweetener, moisturizer |
| Prophylactic Products | Preventive applications in dentistry |
Anti-Caries Mechanism:
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of Action | Oral bacteria (Streptococcus mutans) cannot use xylitol as an energy source |
| Plaque Prevention | Reduces acid production, prevents plaque formation |
| Enamel Remineralization | Stimulates saliva flow, supports minerals |
| Duration of Effect | Lasting protection with regular use |
Description: Xylitol cannot be metabolized by oral bacteria (especially Streptococcus mutans). Therefore, it reduces acid production and plaque formation, preventing dental caries. It also stimulates saliva flow, aiding in enamel remineralization. Dental professionals consider it an important support for caries prevention.
ITEM 9: PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS
| Application | Function / Description |
|---|---|
| Cough Syrups | Sweetener, humectant |
| Vitamin Supplements | Sweetener, filler |
| Oral Care Products | Humectant, sweetener |
| Nasal Sprays | Sweetener, humectant |
| Tablet Formulations | Excipient, sweetener |
| Pediatric Formulations | Child-friendly sweetener |
| Solutions | Osmotic agent |
Description: In pharmaceutical applications, xylitol is used as a sweetener and excipient. It is commonly found in cough syrups, vitamin supplements, nasal sprays, and oral care products. It is preferred as a child-friendly sweetener in pediatric formulations.
ITEM 10: PRODUCTS CONTAINING XYLITOL
| Product Category | Examples |
|---|---|
| Sugar-Free Chewing Gum | Chewing gum products |
| Sugar-Free Mints | Mint candies, dragées |
| Ice Cream | Low-calorie ice creams |
| Lollipop Candies | Sugar-free lollipops |
| Chocolate | Sugar-free chocolates |
| Baked Goods | Cakes, cookies, pastries |
| Tabletop Sugar | Powder or granule form |
| Jams and Jellies | Low-sugar jams |
| Cough Syrup | Pediatric and adult formulations |
| Vitamin Supplements | Chewable vitamins |
| Nut Butters | Low-sugar butters |
| Powder Sweeteners | Packaged sweeteners |
| Toothpastes | Anti-caries toothpastes |
| Mouthwashes | Protective mouthwashes |
| Nasal Sprays | Moisturizing sprays |
Description: Xylitol is widely used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. Most "sugar-free" labeled products contain xylitol or other sugar alcohols.
ITEM 11: COMPARISON WITH OTHER SWEETENERS
| Sweetener | Sweetness (Sucrose=1) | Calories (kcal/g) | Glycemic Index | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xylitol | 0.9 – 1.0 | 2.4 | 7 | Anti-caries |
| Erythritol | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0 | Almost zero calorie |
| Sorbitol | 0.6 | 2.6 | 4 | Laxative effect |
| Mannitol | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0 | Laxative effect |
| Maltitol | 0.9 | 2.1 | 35 | Higher GI |
| Isomalt | 0.5 | 2.0 | 2 | – |
| Lactitol | 0.4 | 2.0 | 3 | – |
| Stevia | 200-300 | 0 | 0 | Natural plant-based |
| Sucrose | 1.0 | 4.0 | 65 | Standard sugar |
| Fructose | 1.7 | 4.0 | 20 | High sweetness |
Description: Xylitol has sweetness equivalent to sucrose but with 40% fewer calories. Among sugar alcohols, it has the highest sweetness. Its glycemic index is very low (7). Erythritol has fewer calories (0.2 kcal/g) compared to xylitol but lower sweetness.
ITEM 12: DIETARY AND LOW-CARBOHYDRATE APPLICATIONS
| Application | Function / Benefit |
|---|---|
| Low-Calorie Diets | Sugar substitute, low calorie |
| Low-Carb Diets | Reduces carbohydrate intake |
| Ketogenic Diets | Does not break ketosis (low GI) |
| Diabetic Diets | Minimal effect on blood sugar |
| Weight Management | Low-calorie sweetener |
| Gluten-Free Diets | Can be used in gluten-free products |
Description: Xylitol does not contain fructose and does not stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas. It has no significant effect on blood sugar and insulin levels. It is a low-calorie (2.4 kcal/g) and low-glycemic index (7) sweetener. In ketogenic diets, it does not break ketosis if not consumed in excessive amounts. It is preferred as a sugar substitute in low-carbohydrate diets.
ITEM 13: RECOMMENDED DAILY INTAKE
| Usage Category | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| General Daily Intake | Do not exceed 30 – 40 g |
| Gum Formulations | Generally safe |
| Toothpastes | Safe in small amounts |
| High Dose Warning | > 40-50 g/day may cause side effects |
| Children | Lower doses recommended |
| Dogs | Highly toxic – strictly prohibited |
Description: No optimal dosage has been established for xylitol, but intake above 30-40 grams per day is not recommended. Consumption above this amount may cause gastrointestinal side effects (gas, bloating, diarrhea). The amounts used in chewing gum and toothpastes are generally safe. Xylitol is highly toxic to dogs and must never be consumed.
ITEM 14: SIDE EFFECTS AND SAFETY
| Side Effect | Description |
|---|---|
| Gas and Bloating | Fermented by intestinal bacteria |
| Diarrhea | Osmotic laxative effect |
| Borborygmus | Rumbling sounds in the intestines |
| Colic | Abdominal pain, cramps |
| Nausea | At high doses |
| Increased Bowel Movements | Laxative effect |
| Allergic Reactions | Rare but possible |
Warnings:
| Parameter | Warning |
|---|---|
| Digestive Sensitivity | Sensitive individuals may experience side effects even at low doses |
| Dogs | Highly toxic – emergency veterinary care required |
| Pregnancy | Limited data – consult a doctor |
| Breastfeeding | Limited data – consult a doctor |
| Diabetes | Minimal effect on blood sugar – read labels |
| IBS | Use with caution; may trigger symptoms |
| Children | Lower doses recommended |
Description: Xylitol may cause gastrointestinal discomfort when consumed in high doses. Sugar alcohols draw water into the intestines and are fermented by intestinal bacteria. The un-metabolized portion ferments, causing gas, bloating, and diarrhea. Xylitol is highly toxic to dogs, causing a strong release of insulin from the pancreas and leading to life-threatening hypoglycemia.
ITEM 15: LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF XYLITOL
| Potential Effect | Description |
|---|---|
| Weight Gain | Sweetness tolerance, avoidance of healthy foods |
| Insulin Resistance | Associated with continuous sweetener consumption |
| Gut Microbiome | Fermentable carbohydrates |
| Liver Function | High dose burden |
| Kidney Function | High dose risk |
Description: Long-term use of xylitol may pose potential health risks with excessive consumption. Individuals using sweeteners may develop tolerance to sweetness and may not find healthy, sugar-free foods appetizing. This can indirectly lead to weight gain. More research is needed on the effects of long-term high-dose consumption on liver and kidney function.
ITEM 16: SAFETY AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50) | ~16,000 – 25,000 mg/kg (rat) |
| Acute Dermal Toxicity | Low |
| Skin Irritation | Non-irritating |
| Eye Irritation | Mild irritation possible |
| Skin Sensitization | Non-sensitizing |
| Carcinogenicity | Not classified |
| Mutagenicity | Not classified |
| Reproductive Toxicity | Not classified |
| FDA Status | GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) |
| EFSA Status | Approved (E967) |
| JECFA Status | Acceptable Daily Intake |
Description: Xylitol is classified as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) by the FDA. It is also approved by EFSA and JECFA. Its toxicity level is very low (LD50 ~16,000-25,000 mg/kg). It is not classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reproductive toxicant.
ITEM 17: STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Storage Temperature | 15 – 30°C |
| Storage Conditions | Cool, dry, well-ventilated area |
| Moisture | Keep away from moisture; store in tightly closed containers |
| Light | Protect from direct sunlight |
| Shelf Life | 36 months (under proper storage) |
| Signs of Degradation | Caking, discoloration, moisture absorption |
| Packaging | Closed bags or containers |
Description: Xylitol is hygroscopic and should be stored in tightly closed containers in a cool, dry place. Protect from direct sunlight. It remains stable for 36 months under proper storage conditions.
ITEM 18: SPILL CLEANUP AND DISPOSAL
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Dry Spills | Sweep or vacuum |
| Wet Spills | Rinse with water |
| Do Not | Discharge to sewers or water sources |
| Waste Disposal | Dispose according to local regulations |
| Environmental Classification | Not hazardous |
| Biodegradability | Readily biodegradable |
ITEM 19: REGULATORY AND CERTIFICATION STATUS
| Certificate / Standard | Status |
|---|---|
| REACH (EC 1907/2006) | Registered and compliant |
| FDA 21 CFR | GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) |
| EFSA | Approved (E967) |
| JECFA | Acceptable Daily Intake |
| ISO 9001:2015 | Certified manufacturing |
| FDA | Approved as food additive |
| European Union | E967 food additive |
| Halal | Available upon request |
| Kosher | Available upon request |
| Vegan | Suitable |
| Gluten-Free | Suitable |
ITEM 20: SYNONYMS AND ALIASES
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Xylitol | Most common name |
| Ksilitol | Turkish name |
| E967 | EU food additive code |
| Birch Sugar | English common name |
| Xylite | Alternative name |
| Meso-Xylitol | Chemical name |
| Sucre de Bouleau | French (Birch sugar) |
| Xilitol | Spanish |
| Xylit | German |
| Kannit | Trade name |
| Eutrit | Trade name |
| Pentitol | Chemical class |
| Exilitol | Alternative spelling |
| Xylo-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol | IUPAC name |
QUALITY AND CERTIFICATION SUMMARY
| Certificate / Standard | Status |
|---|---|
| ISO 9001:2015 | Certified manufacturing sites |
| ISO 14001:2015 | Environmental Management System |
| REACH (EC 1907/2006) | Registered and compliant |
| FDA 21 CFR | GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) |
| EFSA | Approved (E967) |
| Halal | Available upon request |
| Kosher | Available upon request |
| Vegan | Suitable |
| Gluten-Free | Suitable |
Disclaimer: This Technical Data Sheet provides typical values for reference purposes only. All values are based on standard laboratory measurements and do not constitute a binding specification. For binding properties, please request the Certificate of Analysis (COA) for each specific batch. The user is solely responsible for determining product suitability for their intended application and for compliance with all applicable regulations. Safety Data Sheet (SDS) must be requested from the supplier before use.
