POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE

Potassium Permanganate / Condy's Crystals / Chameleon Mineral / Hypermangan / Potassium Manganate(VII)
CAS Number: 7722-64-7
EC Number: 231-760-3
UN Number: 1490

SECTION 1: PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION AND CHEMICAL IDENTITY

Parameter	Information
Product Name	Potassium Permanganate
Chemical Name (IUPAC)	Potassium Manganate(VII)
Other Names	Condy's Crystals, Chameleon Mineral, Hypermangan, Permanganate of Potash
CAS Number	7722-64-7
EC Number (EINECS)	231-760-3
UN Number	1490
Molecular Formula	KMnO₄
Molecular Weight	158.03 g/mol
Chemical Class	Inorganic salt (permanganate)
Appearance	Dark purple to bronze-gray crystalline powder or needles
Odor	Odorless
Physical State (20°C)	Solid (crystalline)
Solubility in Water	High (~6.4 g/100 mL at 20°C)

Potassium permanganate is a strong, versatile oxidizing agent in the form of dark purple crystals. It is one of the most powerful oxidizers available and is widely used in water treatment, textile processing, organic synthesis, and analytical chemistry. It is known for its characteristic deep purple/magenta color in solution and its ability to stain surfaces brown (due to manganese dioxide formation).

SECTION 2: SYNONYMS AND OTHER NAMES

Type	Name
Common Names	Potassium Permanganate, Condy's Crystals, Chameleon Mineral, Hypermangan
Chemical Names	Potassium Manganate(VII), Permanganic Acid Potassium Salt
CAS Number	7722-64-7
EC Number	231-760-3
UN Number	1490
HS Code	2841.61

SECTION 3: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

3.1. Molecular Structure

Potassium permanganate consists of a potassium cation (K⁺) and a permanganate anion (MnO₄⁻). The permanganate ion has a tetrahedral structure with manganese in the +7 oxidation state.

Structural Formula:

         O
         ||
    K⁺  [ O - Mn - O ]
         ||
         O

Ionic Representation:
KMnO₄ → K⁺ + MnO₄⁻ (in aqueous solution)

3.2. Molecular Formula

KMnO₄

3.3. Molecular Weight

158.03 g/mol

3.4. Key Structural Features

Feature	Description
Cation	Potassium (K⁺)
Anion	Permanganate (MnO₄⁻)
Manganese Oxidation State	+7 (highest oxidation state)
Structure	Tetrahedral (MnO₄⁻)
Bond Type	Ionic bond between K⁺ and MnO₄⁻
Color	Deep purple/magenta (in solution); dark purple crystals

SECTION 4: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Property	Value
Appearance	Dark purple to bronze-gray crystalline powder or needles
Odor	Odorless
Molecular Formula	KMnO₄
Molecular Weight	158.03 g/mol
Density	2.7 g/cm³
Melting Point	240 °C (decomposes)
Boiling Point	Decomposes before boiling
Water Solubility (20°C)	~6.4 g/100 mL (high)
Vapor Pressure	Negligible
pH (aqueous solution)	~7.0 (neutral)
Color of Solution	Characteristic magenta/purple
Oxidizing Properties	Very strong oxidizing agent
Stability	Stable under normal conditions
Decomposition	When heated, releases oxygen and forms MnO₂
Commercial Forms	Powder, crystalline, tablets

SECTION 5: SOLUBILITY PROFILE

Solvent	Solubility	Conditions
Water	~6.4 g/100 mL	20°C
Water	Higher solubility	50°C
Acetone	Slightly soluble	25°C
Ethanol	Slightly soluble	25°C
Methanol	Slightly soluble	25°C
Acetic Acid	Soluble	25°C
Benzene	Insoluble	25°C
Ether	Insoluble	25°C

SECTION 6: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND REACTIVITY

Property	Description
Chemical Character	Neutral salt
Oxidizing Power	Very strong oxidizing agent (stronger than sodium dichromate)
Stability	Stable under normal conditions
Decomposition	2 KMnO₄ + Heat → K₂MnO₄ + MnO₂ + O₂ ↑
Reaction with Organics	Reacts vigorously with organic materials; causes brown MnO₂ stains
Reaction with Reducing Agents	Reduced to MnO₂ (brown) or Mn²⁺ (colorless) depending on pH
Incompatible Materials	Concentrated sulfuric acid, glycerol, alcohols, organic materials, reducing agents, combustibles
Hazardous Reactions	Violent reactions with concentrated H₂SO₄, glycerol, and some alcohols

SECTION 7: REACTION EQUATIONS

7.1. Thermal Decomposition

2 KMnO₄ → K₂MnO₄ + MnO₂ + O₂ ↑

7.2. Reduction in Acidic Medium (to Mn²⁺)

MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5e⁻ → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O

7.3. Reduction in Neutral/Alkaline Medium (to MnO₂)

MnO₄⁻ + 2H₂O + 3e⁻ → MnO₂ + 4OH⁻

7.4. Iron Oxidation (Water Treatment)

MnO₄⁻ + 3Fe²⁺ + 4H⁺ → MnO₂ + 3Fe³⁺ + 2H₂O

7.5. Manganese Oxidation (Water Treatment)

2MnO₄⁻ + 3Mn²⁺ + 2H₂O → 5MnO₂ + 4H⁺

SECTION 8: PRODUCTION METHOD

Potassium permanganate is produced by the oxidation of manganese dioxide (MnO₂) with potassium hydroxide and oxygen, or via electrolytic oxidation.

Stage	Process	Description
1	Fusion	Manganese dioxide (pyrolusite) is fused with potassium hydroxide in the presence of air (or potassium nitrate) to form potassium manganate (K₂MnO₄).
2	Extraction	The green potassium manganate is extracted with water.
3	Oxidation	The potassium manganate solution is oxidized (electrolytically or with chlorine/ozone) to potassium permanganate.
4	Crystallization	The purple potassium permanganate is crystallized and dried.

SECTION 9: APPLICATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL USES

9.1. Water Treatment (Most Important Application)

Application	Function
Iron and Manganese Removal	Oxidizes dissolved Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ to insoluble Fe³⁺ and MnO₂ for filtration removal
Disinfection	Inactivates bacteria, viruses, fungi, and algae
Taste and Odor Control	Removes metallic taste and unpleasant odors from untreated water
DBP Control	Reduces formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs)
Zebra Mussel Control	Controls invasive zebra mussels and Asian clams in water intake systems

9.2. Denim and Textile Industry

Application	Function
Denim Bleaching	Creates faded/worn appearance on jeans using spray or brushing methods
Textile Processing	Aesthetic finishing treatments on denim fabrics

9.3. Aquaculture and Fish Farming

Application	Function
Pond Disinfection	Cleans and disinfects fish ponds
Water Clarification	Clarifies water in fish farms
Disease Control	Controls various pathogens in aquaculture

9.4. Fire Suppression Systems

Application	Function
Pyrofobic Systems	Used in chemical fire extinguishing systems
Oxygen Consumption	Consumes oxygen to prevent combustion
Fire Extinguishers	Component in some fire extinguishing devices

9.5. Organic Chemistry and Synthesis

Application	Function
Organic Synthesis	Used as an oxidizing agent in various organic reactions
Oxidation Reactions	Reacts with various organic compounds
Chemical Reactions	Used in the synthesis of different organic compounds

9.6. Analytical Chemistry

Application	Function
Quantitative Analysis	Used to determine the amount of oxidizable organic matter
Titration	Standard oxidizing agent in permanganometric titrations
Concentration Determination	Measuring organic matter concentrations

9.7. Lubricants and Greases

Application	Function
Lubricating Oil Production	Used with triethanolamine in lubricating oil production
High-Temperature Greases	Forms stable high-temperature greases and emulsions

9.8. Other Applications

Application	Function
Deodorizing	Removal of unpleasant odors
Surface Treatment	Various surface treatment applications
Disinfectant	General disinfection purposes
Wound Treatment	Antiseptic in very dilute solutions

SECTION 10: TYPICAL FORMULATION EXAMPLES

Application Area	Typical Concentration	Notes
Drinking Water Treatment	0.1 – 5 mg/L	Depends on iron/manganese levels
Denim Bleaching	5 – 20 g/L	Spray or brush application
Pond Disinfection	2 – 10 mg/L	Requires expert supervision
Wastewater Treatment	1 – 10 mg/L	Depends on pollutant levels

SECTION 11: TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Parameter	Value
Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50, Rat)	~ 1,090 mg/kg
Acute Dermal Toxicity (LD50, Rabbit)	> 2,000 mg/kg
Skin Irritation	May cause irritation
Eye Irritation	May cause serious eye irritation
Inhalation	Dust may cause respiratory irritation
Carcinogenicity	Not classified as a carcinogen
Mutagenicity	Negative
Target Organs	Respiratory system, skin, eyes

SECTION 12: GHS CLASSIFICATION

Hazard Class	Category	H-Statement
Oxidizing Solid	Category 2	H272
Acute Toxicity (Oral)	Category 4	H302
Corrosive to Metals	Category 1	H290
Acute Aquatic Toxicity	Category 1	H400

Signal Word: DANGER

Hazard Pictograms: GHS03 (Flame Over Circle), GHS09 (Environment)

Hazard Statements (H-Codes):

Code	Statement
H272	May intensify fire; oxidizer.
H290	May be corrosive to metals.
H302	Harmful if swallowed.
H400	Very toxic to aquatic life.
H410	Very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects.

SECTION 13: PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS (P-CODES)

Code	Statement
P210	Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. No smoking.
P220	Keep away from clothing and other combustible materials.
P280	Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P301+P312	IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER/doctor if you feel unwell.
P305+P351+P338	IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present.
P501	Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local regulations.

SECTION 14: FIRST AID MEASURES

Route of Exposure	Action to Be Taken
Inhalation	Move to fresh air. If respiratory irritation persists, seek medical attention.
Skin Contact	Wash with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing.
Eye Contact	Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Seek immediate medical attention.
Ingestion	Do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth. Drink milk or water. Seek immediate medical attention.

SECTION 15: FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES

Parameter	Information
Fire Hazard	Oxidizer (H272); may intensify fire.
Suitable Extinguishing Media	Water spray, CO₂, dry chemical powder.
Unsuitable Extinguishing Media	Foam (may react).
Special Hazards	Decomposes when heated, releasing oxygen which supports combustion. Contact with combustible materials may cause fire.
Protective Equipment	Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), full protective clothing.

SECTION 16: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

Parameter	Information
Personal Protection	Full PPE (goggles, face shield, chemical-resistant suit, gloves, respiratory protection).
Ventilation	Increase ventilation; use local exhaust in confined spaces.
Containment	Cover spilled area to prevent dust dispersion.
Cleaning Methods	Collect dry using vacuum or careful sweeping. Avoid washing with water (spreads).
Environmental Precautions	Prevent entry into drains, sewers, and water bodies.
Waste Disposal	Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

SECTION 17: STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE

Parameter	Information
Storage Conditions	Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Container Requirements	Tightly closed, corrosion-resistant containers (glass, plastic, stainless steel).
Materials to Avoid	Combustible materials, organic materials, reducing agents, acids, glycerol, alcohols.
Shelf Life	12-24 months (under proper storage conditions).
Stability Note	Stable under normal conditions; protect from heat, moisture, and reducing agents.
Packaging Options	25 kg drums, 50 kg drums, plastic bottles, HDPE containers.

SECTION 18: PACKAGING OPTIONS

Packaging Type	Quantity	Material
Plastic Drum	25 kg	HDPE
Plastic Drum	50 kg	HDPE
Fiber Drum	25 kg	Cardboard / Plastic
Plastic Bottle	1 kg, 5 kg	HDPE

SECTION 19: TRANSPORT INFORMATION

Parameter	Information
UN Number	1490
Hazard Class	5.1 (Oxidizing Substance)
Packing Group	II
Proper Shipping Name	POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
Marine Pollutant	Yes
ADR/RID Label	5.1 + 9 (Environmentally Hazardous)

SECTION 20: REGULATORY INFORMATION

Region / Authority	Status
European Union (REACH)	Registered under (EC) 1907/2006.
USA (EPA)	Listed as a hazardous substance; regulated under Clean Water Act.
Turkey (KKDIK)	Subject to environmental regulations for hazardous substances.
WHO	Used as a water treatment chemical.

SECTION 21: ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

Parameter	Information
Aquatic Toxicity	Very toxic to aquatic life (fish, algae, invertebrates).
Persistence	Readily reduced to manganese dioxide (MnO₂) in natural waters.
Bioaccumulation	Not expected (manganese is an essential trace element).
Ecological Effects	May cause color change in water at high concentrations.
Waste Disposal	Dispose of in accordance with local regulations. Do not discharge into natural water bodies without treatment.

SECTION 22: OTHER NAMES AND SYNONYMS

Name	Context
Potassium Permanganate	Primary chemical name
Condy's Crystals	Historical name
Chameleon Mineral	Due to color changes during reactions
Hypermangan	Alternative name
Potassium Manganate(VII)	IUPAC systematic name
KMnO₄	Chemical formula abbreviation

SECTION 23: QUICK REFERENCE TABLE

Property	Value
CAS Number	7722-64-7
EC Number	231-760-3
UN Number	1490
Molecular Formula	KMnO₄
Molecular Weight	158.03 g/mol
Appearance	Dark purple crystalline powder
Odor	Odorless
Density	2.7 g/cm³
Melting Point	240°C (decomposes)
Water Solubility (20°C)	~6.4 g/100 mL
pH (aqueous solution)	~7.0
Primary Uses	Water treatment, denim bleaching, organic synthesis, analytical chemistry
Shelf Life	12-24 months
UN Number	1490
Hazard Class	5.1 (Oxidizer)

SECTION 24: CRITICAL NOTICES AND BEST PRACTICES

CRITICAL NOTICES:

Strong Oxidizer: Potassium permanganate is a very strong oxidizing agent. Keep away from combustible and organic materials.
Staining: Contact with skin or clothing causes dark brown stains (from MnO₂). Stains can be removed with dilute acid or reducing agents (e.g., oxalic acid, sodium bisulfite).
Reactivity: Do not mix with concentrated sulfuric acid, glycerol, alcohols, or other reducing agents – violent reactions may occur.
Water Treatment: Iron and manganese removal efficiency depends on correct dosing. Overdosing may cause pink coloration in treated water.
Expert Supervision: Applications in fish farms and aquaculture must be carried out under expert supervision according to local regulations.
Storage Segregation: Store separately from combustible materials, organic substances, reducing agents, and acids.
Eye and Skin Protection: KMnO₄ is corrosive and irritating. Use full PPE (gloves, goggles, protective clothing).
Toxicity: Harmful if swallowed (H302). In case of ingestion, do not induce vomiting. Seek immediate medical attention.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

Storage: Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area. Keep containers tightly closed. Protect from heat, moisture, and reducing agents.
Handling: Use full PPE (chemical-resistant gloves, goggles, face shield, protective clothing). Avoid dust formation. Ensure adequate ventilation.
Dissolution: Always add potassium permanganate to water, never the reverse. Add slowly with stirring.
Dosing: For water treatment, use precise dosing equipment to avoid over- or under-dosing.
Stain Removal: For skin stains, use dilute oxalic acid or sodium bisulfite solution. For fabric stains, use commercial stain removers.
Waste Management: Dispose of waste in accordance with local regulations. Neutralize with reducing agents (sodium thiosulfate) before disposal.

LEGAL DISCLAIMER:

This Technical Data Sheet (TDS) is for informational purposes only and is prepared based on available technical data. The user is solely responsible for determining the suitability of the product for their specific application and for complying with all local, national, and international regulations. For complete safety, storage, handling, transport, waste, and regulatory compliance information, the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier must be consulted. Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizer, corrosive, and potentially hazardous substance and should be handled with extreme caution. This document does not substitute professional or medical advice.

Potassium Permanganate, Chameleon Mineral, Hypermangan, 7722-64-7