BIOTIN (VITAMIN B7 / VITAMIN H)

1. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND DEFINITION

Parameter	Information
Product Name	Biotin
Other Names	Vitamin B7, Vitamin H, Coenzyme R
CAS Number	58-85-5
EC Number (EINECS)	200-399-3
Chemical Formula	C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₃S
Molecular Weight	244.31 g/mol
Appearance	White crystalline powder
Odor	Odorless
Solubility	Water-soluble
Melting Point	232 – 233 °C
pH Stability	Stable across a wide pH range
Reactivity	Chemically inert under normal conditions; reactive with strong oxidizers or high temperatures
Vitamin Class	Water-soluble B vitamin

2. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

Chemical Structure:

Biotin consists of a ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring, with a valeric acid side chain. It contains three chiral centers and has eight possible stereoisomers, but only the D-(+)-biotin form is biologically active.

IUPAC Name: 5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid

SMILES: OC(=O)CCCCC1SCC2NC(=O)NC12

              O
              ||
        HN    C    NH
         \   |   /
          \  |  /
           C — C
          /     \
         /       \
        S         C — (CH₂)₄ — COOH
         \       /
          \     /
           C — C

3. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Property	Value
Appearance	White crystalline powder
Chemical Formula	C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₃S
Molecular Weight	244.31 g/mol
CAS Number	58-85-5
Melting Point	232 – 233 °C
Solubility in Water (20°C)	~220 mg/L (slightly soluble)
Solubility in Ethanol	Slightly soluble
Solubility in Fats	Insoluble
pH Stability	Stable across wide pH range
Optical Rotation [α]₂₀D	+89° to +93° (in 0.1N NaOH)
Stability	Sensitive to light, heat, and oxygen
Storage	Protected from light, dry environment

4. BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

Function	Description
Carbohydrate Metabolism	Converts glucose into energy
Fat Metabolism	Essential for fatty acid synthesis and breakdown
Protein Metabolism	Amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis
Cell Growth	Supports cell proliferation and DNA synthesis
Enzyme Cofactor	Coenzyme for five carboxylases (pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase)
Keratin Production	Promotes keratin production for hair, skin, and nails

5. HEALTH BENEFITS

Benefit	Description
Hair, Skin, and Nails	Promotes keratin production; supports healthy hair growth and nail strength
Blood Sugar Regulation	May help regulate blood sugar and support diabetes management
Cardiovascular Health	Contributes to heart health by lowering LDL cholesterol
Nerve Health	Supports nerve tissue repair, especially in conditions like multiple sclerosis
Skin Hydration	Aids in skin hydration and regeneration
Energy Production	Converts carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into usable energy

6. BIOTIN DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Symptom	Description
Hair and Nails	Brittle nails, hair loss, thinning hair
Skin	Dry skin, dermatitis, acne, scaly red rashes
General	Fatigue, insomnia, muscle pain, weakness
Mouth	Cracked mouth corners (angular cheilitis), appetite loss
Immune System	Increased susceptibility to infections
Psychological	Mood disturbances, depression, lethargy
Neurological	Numbness and tingling in extremities

7. NATURAL SOURCES

7.1. Rich Sources

Source	Biotin Content
Egg Yolk	High
Liver (Beef)	Very High
Salmon	High
Avocado	High
Legumes	High

7.2. Moderate Sources

Source	Biotin Content
Peanuts	Moderate
Hazelnuts	Moderate
Spinach	Moderate
Sweet Potatoes	Moderate
Mushrooms	Moderate
Soybeans	Moderate
Oats	Moderate
Whole Grains	Moderate
Wheat	Moderate
Yeast	Moderate

7.3. Dairy and Other Sources

Source	Biotin Content
Milk	Low-Moderate
Yogurt	Low-Moderate
Bananas	Low-Moderate
Cauliflower	Low

Important Notes:

Plant-based biotin is directly absorbed, while animal-based biotin requires breakdown of protein compounds for absorption.
Biotin is sensitive to heat, light, and oxygen. Vegetables should not be cooked with excessive water or for prolonged periods.
Since biotin cannot be stored in the body, it must be consumed regularly through diet.

8. DEFICIENCY TREATMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Treatment Method	Description
Biotin Supplementation (Mild Deficiency)	30 – 100 mcg/day
Biotin Supplementation (Severe Deficiency)	5 – 10 mg/day (under medical supervision)
Dietary Changes	Increase intake of biotin-rich foods
Underlying Cause Treatment	Treat malabsorption issues (Crohn's, celiac), adjust medications
Risk Factor Management	Avoid raw egg whites (avidin binds biotin), limit alcohol, supplement during pregnancy
Regular Blood Tests	Monitor biotin levels to ensure recovery
Professional Consultation	Always consult a doctor or dietitian before starting supplementation

Untreated biotin deficiency can lead to worsening hair, skin, and nail problems, as well as neurological symptoms.

9. RISK GROUPS

Group	Reason
Pregnant Women	Increased biotin requirements
Alcohol Dependents	Impaired absorption and storage
Raw Egg White Consumers	Avidin in raw eggs binds and inactivates biotin
Patients with Malabsorption	Crohn's disease, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease
Long-term Anticonvulsant Users	Certain medications reduce biotin levels
Elderly Individuals	Reduced dietary intake and absorption

10. DAILY REQUIREMENT

Age Group	Daily Requirement (mcg)
0-6 months	5 mcg
7-12 months	6 mcg
1-3 years	8 mcg
4-8 years	12 mcg
9-13 years	20 mcg
14-18 years	25 mcg
19+ years	30 mcg
Pregnancy	30 mcg
Breastfeeding	35 mcg

11. SAFETY AND TOXICITY

Parameter	Information
Toxicity	Very low; no known toxic effects
Oral LD50 (Rat)	> 10,000 mg/kg
Side Effects	None known at normal doses
Upper Tolerable Intake Level	Not established (no known toxicity)
Drug Interactions	May interfere with laboratory tests (biotin interference)
Allergic Reactions	Rare

12. APPLICATIONS

Sector	Use Case
Food Supplements	Supports hair, skin, and nail health; used in multivitamin formulations
Cosmetics	Found in shampoos, conditioners, and skin care products
Pharmaceuticals	Used in vitamin tablets and therapeutic blends
Animal Feed	Added to pet food and livestock feed
Clinical Diagnostics	Used in biotin-streptavidin assays

13. REGULATORY STATUS

Region / Authority	Status
EFSA	Daily reference intake established
FDA	Daily Value (DV) 30 mcg
Turkey	Approved as food supplement
Codex	Approved for food supplements and fortification

14. OTHER NAMES AND SYNONYMS

Type	Name
Turkish Names	Biotin, B7 Vitamini, H Vitamini
English Names	Biotin, Vitamin B7, Vitamin H, Coenzyme R
CAS Number	58-85-5

15. SUMMARY AND CRITICAL WARNINGS

Parameter	Value
Product	Biotin (Vitamin B7 / Vitamin H)
CAS Number	58-85-5
Formula	C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₃S
Molecular Weight	244.31 g/mol
Appearance	White crystalline powder
Primary Function	Energy metabolism, hair/skin/nail health, enzyme cofactor

CRITICAL WARNINGS

1. LAB INTERFERENCE: High doses of biotin can interfere with laboratory tests, causing falsely high or low results. Inform healthcare providers about biotin use.

2. RAW EGG WHITES: Consuming raw egg whites can lead to biotin deficiency due to avidin, a protein that binds biotin. Always cook eggs before consumption.

3. STABILITY: Biotin is sensitive to light, heat, and oxygen. Store in a cool, dry place protected from light.

4. WATER-SOLUBLE: Biotin is not stored in the body. Regular intake through diet or supplements is essential.

5. PREGNANCY: Increased biotin requirements during pregnancy. Supplementation should be under medical supervision.

6. SUPPLEMENTATION: Deficiency is rare but may require high doses. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting supplementation.

7. DIETARY SOURCES: A balanced diet generally provides adequate biotin. Risk groups may benefit from supplementation.

IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER: This Technical Data Sheet (TDS) is for informational purposes only and is prepared based on available technical data. This document is not a substitute for medical advice. For any health condition or suspected deficiency, consult a healthcare professional. For complete safety, storage, use, and regulatory compliance information, refer to the official documentation provided by the manufacturer/supplier.

Biotin, Vitamin B7, Vitamin H, Coenzyme R, 58-85-5