We unleash your business potential by maximize the business innovation.
Send EmailXylitol, XYLIT, kannit, eutrit, XYLITE, Pentitol, 87-99-0, 16277-71-7, Xylitol – 87-99-0
Xylitol
CAS: 87-99-0;16277-71-7
Molecular Formula: C5H12O5
Names and Identifiers
| Name | Xylitol |
| Synonyms | itoL XYLIT kannit eutrit Klinit XYLITE newtol Xylitol Pentitol D-XYLITOL XYLITOL N.F. GRADE 1,2,3,4,5-PENTAHYDROXYPENTANE 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-pyrazolidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester |
| CAS | 87-99-0 16277-71-7 |
| EINECS | 201-788-0 |
| InChI | InChI=1/C5H12O5/c6-1-3(8)5(10)4(9)2-7/h3-10H,1-2H2/t3-,4+,5+ |
| InChIKey | HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-QWWZWVQMSA-N |
Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C5H12O5 |
| Molar Mass | 152.15 |
| Density | 1.515 |
| Melting Point | 94-97 °C (lit.) |
| Boling Point | 215~217℃ |
| Water Solubility | SOLUBLE |
| Solubility | Easily soluble in water, soluble in ethanol and pyridine solvents |
| Vapor Presure | 0.329Pa |
| Appearance | Aclorbic crystals (stable) or monoclinic crystals (metastable) with a slightly sweet appearance like white sugar |
| Color | White |
| Merck | 14,10085 |
| BRN | 1720523 |
| pKa | 13.24±0.20(Predicted) |
| Storage Condition | room temp |
| Sensitive | Hygroscopic |
| Refractive Index | 1.3920 (estimate) |
| MDL | MFCD00064292 |
| Physical and Chemical Properties |
The character of the external shape of white sugar with slightly sweet orthorhombic crystal (stable) or monoclinic crystal (metastable). |
| Use | Used as a food flavor agent |
Risk and Safety
| Hazard Symbols | Xi - Irritant |
| Risk Codes | 36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. |
| Safety Description | S24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S36 - Wear suitable protective clothing. S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. |
| WGK Germany | 2 |
| RTECS | ZF0800000 |
| FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 3 |
| TSCA | Yes |
| HS Code | 29054910 |
| Toxicity | LD50 orally in mice: approx 22 g/kg (Salminen) |
Upstream Downstream Industry
| Raw Materials | Sodium carbonate Charcoal Sulfuric acid DL-Xylose Hydrogen |
Nature
white orthorhombic crystal or crystalline powder, no smell, sweet. The melting point of 92~96 deg C. Soluble in water (1.6g/mL), slightly soluble in ethanol. 10% of the aqueous solution pH value of 5.0~7.0. The taste is cool, and the sweetness is 40% to 70% of sucrose. Good thermal stability.
Preparation Method
agricultural products processing waste (such as corncob, cottonseed Hull, bagasse and rice husk, etc.) in the more pentose by acid hydrolysis into xylose, then, the crude xylitol is prepared by hydrogenation in the presence of the catalyst sodium amalgam, and then concentrated, crystallized and separated to obtain crystalline xylitol.
Standard
This product is 1 ,2 ,3,4,5-Five drunk, according to the dry product calculation, containing C5H120 5 not less than 98. 0%.
Trait
- This product is white crystal or crystalline powder, odorless; Sweet; With hygroscopicity.
- This product is easily soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol.
melting point
The melting point of this product (General 0612) is 91. 0~94. 5°C.
Use
is a special sweetener with nutritional value. Soluble in water and heat absorption, when eating the taste cool, and not cause dental caries is also suitable for use in diabetes. China's provisions can be used in cakes, beverages, candy, in order to replace sucrose, according to the production needs of the appropriate amount of use.
Differential diagnosis
- take 0 .5g of this product, add 0 .5m l hydrochloric acid and lead dioxide O. lg, put on water bath and heat, the solution is yellow-green.
- The infrared absorption spectrum of this product should be consistent with that of the control (Spectrum set 1088).
Exam
acidity
take 0631g of this product, Add 10ml of water to dissolve it, and determine it according to law (general rule). The p H value should be 5.0~7 .0.
clarity and color of solution
take this product l.O g, dissolve with water 10ml, check according to law (General rule 0901 and general rule 0902), the solution should be clear and colorless.
chloride
take this product 0 .5g or l.O g (for injection), according to the inspection (General 0801), and standard gasification sodium solution 5. Compared with the control solution made of 0M l, it should not be more concentrated (0. 01%) or (0. 005%).
sulfate
take this product 2 .0g or 5 .0G (for injection), according to the inspection (General 0802), and standard potassium sulfate solution 3. Compared with the control solution made of 0M l, it should not be more concentrated (0. 015%) or (0. 006%).
conductivity
take 20.0g of this product, put it in a 100ml measuring flask, dissolve it with water and dilute it to the scale, and determine it according to law (General Rule 0 6 8 1 ) , 2 0 0 • c n T 1 is not allowed.
reducing sugar
take 0.50g of this product, place it in a cuvette, add 1.0 of water to dissolve it, add of human Alkaline copper tartrate test solution, plug it, heat it in water bath for 5 minutes, and let it cool, the turbidity of the solution with each lm l containing 0.5M g glucose solution 2.0M l compared with the control solution prepared by the method, not more concentrated (containing reducing sugar in glucose, not through 0 .2%).
total sugar
take this product l .O g, add 15ml of water to dissolve, add 4ml of dilute hydrochloric acid, heat and reflux on a water bath for 3 hours, let cool, add Dropwise sodium hydroxide solution, adjust p H value to about 5, transfer the appropriate amount of water to a 100ml measuring flask, dilute to the scale with water, shake well, take 4.0ml of precision, add 1.0ml of water, shake well, as a test solution; Take another sample at 105X: the appropriate amount of glucose dried to constant weight is precisely weighed, dissolved and quantitatively diluted with water to make about 0ml/l. 2M g of solution, Take 5 .0 m l, as a reference solution; Take the above two solutions, respectively, plus copper solution 2. 5ml, shake well, boil in water bath for 5 minutes, let cool, add phosphomolybdic acid solution 2. 5ml, immediately shake; Test solution such as color, with the control solution out of the deeper, not (including total sugar in glucose calculation, not through 0 .5%).
Related substances
each 5mg of L-arabitol control, galactitol control, mannitol control and sorbitol control were accurately weighed and placed in a 20ml measuring flask, dissolved with water and diluted to the scale, shake well as a control solution. Another precision weigh erythritol 5mg, put in 25ml measuring flask, dissolved in water and diluted to the scale, as an internal standard solution. Add 1ml of internal standard solution to a 100ml round-bottom flask, rotate and evaporate to dryness on a water bath of 60, human anhydrous pyridine lm l and acetic anhydride lm l were added precisely and boiled under reflux for 1 hour until complete acetylation. According to gas chromatography (General rule 0521), using 1 4% cyanopropyl phenyl (8 6) dimethyl polysiloxane as stationary liquid capillary column, programmed temperature, the initial temperature is 170T:, for 1 min,
The temperature was raised to 2 3 0 1 at the rate of 10*0, which was maintained for 30 minutes; The split ratio was 20: 1, and the temperature of the injection port and the detector was 250X:. The acetyl solution l y l of the above reference substance was injected into the human gas chromatograph, and the chromatogram was recorded. The resolution of the galactitol peak and the sorbitol peak should be greater than 2.0. Take about 5.0g of this product, precision weighing, 100ml flask, water dissolved and diluted to the scale, shake, as a test solution, the same method. In the chromatogram of the sample acetylation solution, if there are impurity peaks of the above reference substance, the peak area shall be calculated according to the internal standard method, and the total amount of impurities shall not exceed 2.0%.
loss on drying
take l .O g of this product and use phosphorus pentoxide as desiccant, dry under reduced pressure for 24 hours, and the weight loss shall not exceed 1.0% (General Rule 0 8 3 1).
ignition residue
This product l .O g, inspection according to law (General 0841), shall not exceed 0.2% or 0 .1%(for injection).
nickel salt
take 0.5g of this product, add 5 m l of water to dissolve, add 1 drop of bromine test solution, shake for 1 min, add 1 drop of ammonia test solution, add 1% dimethylglyoxime ethanol solution 0.5 m l, shake, place for 5 minutes, such as color, with the nickel control solution 1.0 m l, using the same method to make the control liquid comparison, not deeper (0.0002%).
Heavy metals
take 2.0g or 4.0G (for injection) of this product, add 2 3m l of water to dissolve, add 2 m l of dilute acetic acid, check according to law (General Rule 0 8 2 1 First method), heavy metals should not be more than 10 parts per million or 5 parts per million (for injection).
arsenic salt
take 0822g of this product, add 2 3M l of water to dissolve, add hydrochloric acid 5ml, check according to law (General rule 0.0001% first law), should comply with the provisions ().
bacterial endotoxin (for injection)
take this product, check according to law (General rule 1143), the amount of endotoxin per l g xylitol should be less than 2. 5EU.
Content determination
take about 0.2g of this product, weigh it accurately, put it in a M measuring flask, dissolve it with water, dilute it to the scale, and shake it well, precision Add Potassium periodate solution (weigh Potassium periodate 2.3g, add lm o l/L sulfuric acid solution 1 6 .3M l and water appropriate amount to dissolve, and then diluted with water to 500ml)15ml and 0. 5M o l/L 10ml sulfuric acid solution, heated on a water bath for 30 minutes, let it cool, add 1.5g of potassium iodide, pack, gently shake to dissolve, and place it in the dark for 5 minutes, with sodium thiosulfate titration solution (0. lm o l/L) titration, at the end point, add 2 m l of starch indicator solution, continue titration until the blue color disappears, and correct the titration result with blank test. Each lm l sodium thiosulfate titration solution (0. lm o l/L) corresponds to 1.902mg of C5H120 5.
Category
pharmaceutical excipients, sweeteners, etc.
Storage
sealed, stored in a cool and dry place.
Preparation Method
extracted from corncob, bagasse and other substances, and processed by hydrolysis, decolorization, ion exchange, hydrogenation, evaporation, crystallization and other processes.
Note
copper solution
take 4 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate, add 40ml of water to dissolve, and add tartaric acid 0 .7 5G, shaking to dissolve; Additional copper sulfate (CuS04 • 5HzO)0. 4 5G, add 10ml of water to dissolve, mix with the above solution, add water to 100ml, shake, and get.
phosphomolybdic acid solution
take 3.5g of molybdic acid and 0. 5G, add 5% sodium hydroxide solution 40 m l, boil for 20 min, let it cool, add phosphoric acid 12.5tnl, dilute to 50 m l with water, shake well, then obtain.
preparation of nickel control solution
accurately weigh 0.6 7 3 g of nickel ammonium sulfate, put it in 1 0 0 0 m l measuring flask, add water to dissolve and dilute to the scale, shake well, as a nickel stock solution (l m l is equivalent to 0. l m g N I), take the nickel stock solution l m l with precision, put it in a 10 0 m l measuring flask, dilute it to the scale with water, shake it well, ready to get (each l m l corresponds to N I of l fx g).
Xylitol Granules
This product contains xylitol (C5H1205) should be labeled the amount of 90.0% ~ 110.0%.
trait
This product is white or white particles.
identification
- take 0.5g of this product, add ml of hydrochloric acid and 0.lg of lead dioxide, put it on a water bath and heat it, and the solution will appear yellow-green.
- take 5g of this product, add 5ml of hydrochloric acid-formaldehyde (1:l), place it in 50°C water bath for 2 hours, add 25ml of ethanol, then precipitate white crystals, filter, take crystals, about 4ml of water was added, heated and dissolved, and about 40ml of ethanol was added to precipitate white crystals. The crystals were dried at 105 ° C. For 2 hours and measured according to law (General rule 0612). The melting point was 195.0 to 201.0°C.
examination
- weight loss on drying l.Og of this product, with phosphorus pentoxide as desiccant, vacuum drying for 24 hours, loss of weight shall not exceed 2.0% (General 0831).
- others should comply with the relevant provisions under The granule (General Principle 0104).
Content determination
take about 10g of this product, place it in a mortar for fine grinding, weigh about 0.2g accurately, put it in a 100ml measuring flask, add water to dissolve and dilute to the scale, shake well; according to the method under the item of xylitol, from the "precision take 5ml, put in the iodine bottle", according to the law to measure, that is obtained.
category
Same as xylitol.
specification
10g : 9.85g
storage
protected from light, sealed, and stored in a dry place.
Reference Information
| LogP | -2.56 at 22℃ |
| ideal sweetener | xylitol aqueous solution has good stability to heat, it is an ideal sweetener for the production of health drinks for people with diabetes. It is a food sweetener that is allowed to be used in China GB2760-1996. It can replace glucose and fructose as the energy source of the body, it is also an important substance for the synthesis of nucleic acids and detoxification in vivo. Since insulin secretion in diabetics is insufficient, glucose cannot be converted into glucose 6-phosphate, and metabolism of xylitol is not related to insulin, and therefore does not increase the blood glucose level in diabetics. Xylitol also has the special function of inhibiting ketone body formation, which can reduce transaminase in patients with liver disease, enhance liver function and promote fat metabolism. This product oral absorption of individual differences, may be associated with intestinal bacteria, content, genetic factors. This product is almost all metabolized in the body, rarely in the original form from the urine. It is clinically used to supplement heat and body fluid, improve glucose metabolism and eliminate ketosis when insulin is insufficient in the body. It is an effective regulator of abnormal metabolism in diabetes. In the conventional dose of liver, kidney has no obvious effect, but a large amount of intake, can cause the permeability of Diarrhea and water balance. The daily intake of xylitol should be less than 50 to 70 grams. Xylitol can be used in the processing of condiments, beverages, jam, candy, cakes, etc. Because yeast and bacteria cannot use it, it can be used as a sweetener to prevent dental caries and has an antiseptic effect. as a functional sweetener, xylitol is mainly used to prevent dental caries candy (such as chewing gum, fructose, chocolate and soft candy, etc.) and special food for diabetics, and also used in medicine and dentifrice. In addition, xylitol can be used as a dipping solution instead of glucose. |
| History of Development | in 1891, Fisher and bayite (Berl-rend) reduced xylose with the aid of sodium Mercury agent, A syrup of xylitol was obtained. crystalline xylitol was prepared by high pressure hydrogenation of xylose in wolrom in 1942. It appeared as a commodity in the late 50 s of the 20th century. In Central Asia, the Soviet Union built the world's first xylitol workshop. The plant uses cottonseed Hull as raw material, first hydrolyzes xylose, and then hydrogenates xylitol under pressure, with an annual output of 530 tons. This process is used in the world in the future. In the 60s, xylitol was found to be an excellent substitute for sugar in diabetic patients, and had a certain therapeutic effect, which attracted the attention of all countries in the world. Following the Soviet Union, Japan established xylitol plants in the 60 s; Finland and Italy also built plants in the 70 s. at the end of 50's in China, the Ministry of Light Industry decided to replace glycerol from agricultural and by-product. In the 60 s, a pilot plant for producing xylitol from corncob was built in the first plant of Jilin city. In the 70 s, the hydrolysis room of the fermentation research institute of the Ministry of Light Industry also carried out the research on the production of xylitol from birch, bagasse and camellia shell. A plant for the production of xylitol from corncob was built in 1975. In order to expand the source of raw materials and develop a new way for the comprehensive utilization of bagasse, the Ministry of Light Industry organized Guangdong and Fujian provinces to produce crystalline xylitol from bagasse in the second chemical plant of Baoding in 1975. Xylitol was successfully prepared from bagasse for the first time in the world. On this basis, the crystalline xylose workshop with a daily production of 2 tons was established in the Zhangzhou sugar factory of Fujian province in 1979. Since then China xylose and xylitol with two kinds of industrial production of raw materials. The production capacity of xylitol is more than 1500 tons, most of the products are exported, and most of the domestic xylitol is used as an auxiliary therapeutic agent for diabetics. In nature, xylitol is found in the blood of fruits, vegetables and animals. After determination in fruits and vegetables, Per 100 grams of dry matter in MG, containing 935 plum, strawberry containing 362, spinach containing 107, lettuce containing 131. In human blood, containing xylitol 0.03~0.06 mg/100. Each person's liver can synthesize 5 to 10 grams of xylitol per day. |
| content analysis | the internal standard solution was weighed accurately, about mg erythritol was transferred into a 25ml volumetric flask, diluted with water and mixed uniformly. About 25mg of L-arabitol, 25mg of galactitol, 25mg of mannitol and 25mg of sorbitol were accurately weighed respectively. Accurately take a certain amount of the liquid, add a certain amount of reference standard xylitol (available from U.S.Pharmacopoeia,12601 twin Brook Park, Rockville MI)20852,USA) to obtain a standard solution with a known concentration of about 49mg/ml. Weigh about 5g of the sample solution accurately, transfer it into a 100ml volumetric flask, dilute with water and mix well. A gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector is used for the chromatograph, and a 2m × 2mm glass column is used for the column, which is filled with 25% phenyl and 25% cyanopropylmethylsiloxane (OV-225 or equivalent) 3% as a liquid phase, silicified diatomite carrier (chromosorb W-HP or equivalent). The carrier gas was nitrogen at a rate of about 30ml/min. The inlet temperature was 250%, the column temperature was 200 ℃, and the detector temperature was 250 ℃. Chromatographic analysis was then performed as described below, and the corresponding peak values of the standards were recorded. The corresponding retention times were erythritol 1.0,L-arabitol 2.77, xylitol 3.90, galactitol 6.96, mannitol 7.63, sorbitol 8.43. The error of the response ratio derived from xylitol and that derived from erythritol for the triplicate injections should not exceed 2%. 1ml of the above-mentioned standard solution and sample solution were extracted by operation and placed into two round bottom evaporation bottles, respectively. Each vial was charged with 1ml of an internal standard and evaporated to dryness on a rotary evaporator using a water bath at 60 °c. Each of the dried residues was dissolved in 1ml of pyridine, and 1ml of acetic anhydride was added to each residue, followed by boiling under reflux for 1H to acetylate the entire residue. 1 μl of each was injected into the chromatograph and the corresponding peak was measured. Then calculate the percentage content of xylitol according to the following formula: 100 ×ws/Wu ×ru/Rs where Ws is the mass (mg) of the reference standard xylitol in the standard solution; wu is the mass (mg) of the sample in the sample preparation solution; Ru and Rs are the ratios of the corresponding peak areas obtained from erythritol in the internal standard solution obtained from the sample solution and the standard solution, respectively. Then correct the content (%) on anhydrous basis according to the measured value of moisture |
| toxicity | can be used safely in foods (FDA,§ 172.395,2000). ADI values are not specified (FAO/WHO,2001). LD50 22000mg/kg (mouse, oral). |
| usage limit | GB 2760-2000: candy, cake, beverage, jam, GMP; Canned eight-analyses 35g/kg. |
| Use | used as a food sweetener is a special sweetener with nutritional value. It is soluble in water and endothermic, and has a cool taste, and does not cause caries. It is also suitable for diabetes. China's provisions can be used in cakes, beverages, candy, in order to replace sucrose, according to the production needs of the appropriate amount of use. nutritive sweetener, mainly for diabetic patients and as anti-caries sweetener. Humectants. organic synthesis of raw materials, can be prepared by surfactants, emulsifiers, demulsifiers, alkyd resins and coatings, varnishes and so on. And the esters formed by the synthesis of fatty acids are non-volatile plasticizers. Xylitol can replace glycerol, used in paper, daily necessities and defense industry. Because it is a polyhydroxy compound, it has a sweet taste, is non-toxic, and is suitable for use as a sweetener in low calorie foods and diabetics. mainly used in food additives Food additives and sweeteners improve liver function and anti-fatty liver, anti-caries, weight loss. |
| production method | agricultural products processing legs (such as corncob, cottonseed Hull, bagasse and rice husk) the polypentose contained therein is hydrolyzed into xylose by acid, refined, and then hydrogenated in the presence of catalyst sodium amalgam to obtain crude xylitol, which is then concentrated, crystallized and separated to obtain crystalline xylitol. From corn cob or bagasse by hydrolysis, purification, hydrogenation, refined. Kocandida WQ-1 strain (selected by Qu Wuxi university of light industry) was produced by fermentation. Or using polyvinyl alcohol membrane carrier for immobilization after xylose into xylitol, the average conversion rate of 70%, the average production intensity of 2.27g/(L? h). The industrial production of xylitol is the acidic hydrolysis of pentose contained in agricultural processing wastes (such as corncob, cottonseed Hull, bagasse, rice husk) into pentose, then, xylitol was obtained by catalytic conversion:(C5H8O4)n + H2O[H +]→ n CH10O5[H2] → HOCH2(CHOH) the pretreatment of 3CH2OH raw material corncob includes in-tank pretreatment and in-tank pretreatment. The external pretreatment of the tank is to remove the mechanical impurities in the raw materials and improve the quality of the raw materials by screening, air separation, washing and other processes. The pre-treatment in the tank includes water treatment, acid treatment or alkali treatment. The most suitable conditions for the treatment of corncob in water were 120 C and 2H. There are two types of hydrolysis and hydrolysis operation processes: dilute acid hydrolysis under normal pressure (sulfuric acid concentration 1.5% ~ 2.0%, temperature 100~105 ℃) and low acid pressure hydrolysis (sulfuric acid concentration 0.5% ~ 0.7%, temperature 120~125 deg C). Generally, a single shot of corncob 700kg (equivalent to 100% of dry material) is added, sulfuric acid 100kg (calculated as 0.48) is added, acid consumption is 0.75 ~ per kilogram of sugar, and hydrolysis time is 2~3H. Neutralization the purpose of neutralization is to remove sulfuric acid from the hydrolysate, but to retain the organic acid. The commonly used neutralizer is lime, and the lime is first mixed into a milk of lime with a relative density of 1.10 to 1.15. The pH value of the hydrolysate was increased from 1.0 to 1.5 to 3.5 by adding milk of lime with constant stirring at 80 ° C. For about 1H, followed by precipitation for 2H, and the neutralization operation was completed. In this case, the content of the inorganic acid in the neutralization solution is generally 0.03% to 0.08%, and the sugar loss is controlled to be not more than 3%. Decolorization, evaporation, separation and neutralization liquid need to be decolorized, evaporation and concentration and ion resin exchange process to prepare pure xylose liquid. Add 15% (to the reductant) and 1% activated carbon to the hydrolysate, keep the temperature at 75 ℃ and stir for 45min, the loss of decolorization is 3%~ 5%: the transmittance is more than 80%, the purity is 75% ~ 80%, and the ash content is 0.18% ~ 0.22%. The decolorizing liquid is concentrated in a central circulation tube evaporator to a sugar content of 35%-40%, where trace amounts of inorganic acid in the decolorizing liquid can also be removed by evaporation, and the precipitation of calcium sulfate during evaporation can be removed by filtration. The purity of the concentrated solution is usually only 85%, and the xylose solution with a purity of 732 to 1.5 is obtained by ion exchange with 95% strong acid cation resin and 1: 97% strong base polyhydric anion resin. Xylose hydrogenation and xylitol crystallization the purified xylose solution containing 12% ~ 15% of sugar is adjusted to pH 8 with alkali solution, preheated to 90 ℃, and then pumped into the high-pressure reaction with high-pressure feed pump, the hydrogenation solution containing 115 to 130 of the alcohol is obtained by hydrogenation at 7.0 to 12% ° C. And 15% to 8.0MPa. Requirements for hydrogenation liquid: Refractive index 12% ~ 15%, total acid 0.015% ~ 0.05%, residual sugar 0%~ 1.5%, Ash 0.1% ~ 0.2%, transmittance 80% ~ 85%. The hydrogenation solution was decolorized with 0.2% (to alcohol) active carbon, filtered, and pre-concentrated to 50% alcohol. After filtration, the solution was further concentrated to a xylitol paste containing 88% alcohol. After discharge from 65~70 deg C slow cooling (1 deg C/h) to 20~30 deg C, centrifugal separation of the crystals containing 96% alcohol, the mother liquor and reuse. |
