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Send EmailPotassium Iodide, Kalium Iodatum, Dipotassium Diiodide, 7681-11-0
POTASSIUM IODIDE
PRODUCT IDENTIFIER INFORMATION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Product Name | Potassium Iodide |
| Chemical Formula | KI |
| CAS Number | 7681-11-0 |
| EC Number (EINECS) | 231-659-4 |
| Molecular Weight | 166.00 g/mol |
| Chemical Class | Inorganic salt (alkali metal halide) |
| Origin | Inorganic salt |
SECTION 1: CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND DESCRIPTION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name (IUPAC) | Potassium Iodide |
| Other Names | Kalium Iodatum, KI, Dipotassium Diiodide (rare) |
| CAS Number | 7681-11-0 |
| EC Number (EINECS) | 231-659-4 |
| Molecular Formula | KI |
| Molecular Weight | 166.00 g/mol |
| Chemical Class | Inorganic salt (alkali metal halide) |
| Composition | One potassium cation (K+) and one iodide anion (I-) |
| Iodine Content | ~76.4% (highest among common iodine sources) |
| Physical State (20°C) | Solid (white crystals or granules) |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Hygroscopicity | High (readily absorbs moisture from air) |
| Chemical Character | Slightly reducing; oxidizes and turns yellow upon exposure to air |
SECTION 2: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
| Property | Value | Test Method |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White crystals or granules; may turn yellow on exposure to air | Visual |
| Odor | Odorless | Olfactometric |
| Molecular Weight | 166.00 g/mol | Calculated |
| Crystal Structure | Cubic (NaCl type) | XRD |
| Melting Point | ~681°C | DSC |
| Boiling Point | ~1330°C | Calculated |
| Density (25°C) | 3.13 g/cm3 | ASTM D4052 |
| pH (10% solution, 25°C) | ~7.0 (neutral) | pH Meter |
| Solubility in Water (20°C) | ~140 g/100 mL (very soluble) | Gravimetric |
| Solubility in Water (100°C) | ~210 g/100 mL | Gravimetric |
| Solubility in Ethanol | ~2 g/100 mL (slightly soluble) | General Method |
| Solubility in Acetone | ~1 g/100 mL | General Method |
| Hygroscopicity | High; may deliquesce in humid air | Visual |
| Flash Point | Non-flammable | Not applicable |
| Stability | Stable under normal conditions; oxidizes and turns yellow on exposure to light and air |
SECTION 3: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND REACTIVITY
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Chemical Character | Slightly reducing agent; oxidizes by atmospheric oxygen releasing iodine (I2) and turning yellow |
| Stability | Stable under normal conditions; decomposes on exposure to light, moisture, and air |
| Decomposition Products (Air/Light) | Iodine (I2) + Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) |
| Decomposition Products (with Acids) | Releases iodine (I2) upon contact with acids; brown/purple color develops |
| Incompatible Materials | Strong oxidizing agents (KIO3, KClO3, KMnO4), strong acids, metal salts (silver, mercury, copper) |
| Reaction with Oxidizing Agents | Releases iodine (I2) upon contact with strong oxidizing agents |
| Reaction with Acids | Forms hydrogen iodide (HI) and iodine (I2) upon contact with acids |
| Light Sensitivity | Undergoes photochemical oxidation and turns yellow upon exposure to light |
| Hazardous Polymerization | Does not occur |
SECTION 4: PRODUCTION METHODS
| Method | Description | Chemical Reaction |
|---|---|---|
| Reaction of Iodine with Potassium Hydroxide | Elemental iodine (I2) is reacted with hot KOH solution; KI is separated from the KIO3 by-product | 3I2 + 6KOH → 5KI + KIO3 + 3H2O |
| Neutralization of Potassium Carbonate with Hydrogen Iodide | K2CO3 or KHCO3 is neutralized with hydrogen iodide (HI) acid | K2CO3 + 2HI → 2KI + CO2 + H2O |
| Reaction of Iron Iodide with Potassium Carbonate | Iron powder, iodine, and water form Fe3I8, which is then reacted with K2CO3 | Fe3I8 + 4K2CO3 → 8KI + Fe3O4 + 4CO2 |
SECTION 5: COMPARISON OF POTASSIUM IODIDE AND POTASSIUM IODATE
| Property | Potassium Iodide (KI) | Potassium Iodate (KIO3) |
|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | 7681-11-0 | 7758-05-6 |
| Molecular Formula | KI | KIO3 |
| Molecular Weight | 166.00 g/mol | 214.00 g/mol |
| Iodine Content | ~76.4% | ~59.3% |
| Chemical Character | Slightly reducing (oxidizes in air) | Strong oxidizing agent |
| Stability (Humid/Hot Climate) | Less stable; loses iodine through oxidation in humid conditions | Very stable; unaffected by moisture |
| Hygroscopicity | High (absorbs moisture) | Low (does not absorb moisture) |
| Suitability for Salt Iodization | Suitable for temperate/dry regions | Preferred for tropical regions |
| Taste Profile | Metallic/bitter | Slightly metallic/bitter (less pronounced) |
| Oxidizing Property | No (reducing) | Yes (strong) |
| Food Additive Code | E917 (listed but not approved for food use in EU) | E917 (listed but not approved for food use in EU) |
| Radiation Protection (Thyroid Blocking) | Yes (more common worldwide) | Yes (approved in some countries) |
| Primary Use | Pharmaceutical, radiation protection, salt iodization (temperate), photography | Salt iodization (tropical), flour treatment, analytical reagent |
SECTION 6: FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES AND MECHANISM OF ACTION
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Iodine Source (Nutrition) | Most common iodine source for preventing iodine deficiency disorders (goiter, cretinism); highest iodine content (~76.4%) |
| Thyroid Protection (Radiation) | Saturates thyroid gland with stable iodine to prevent uptake of radioactive iodine (I-131) during nuclear emergencies; most widely used form worldwide |
| Salt Iodization | Added to table salt as iodine source; preferred for temperate and dry climates; requires stabilizer in humid conditions |
| Expectorant | Mucolytic and expectorant effect in respiratory tract; used in cough syrups |
| Antifungal (Topical) | Used as topical antifungal agent in skin infections such as sporotrichosis |
| Analytical Reagent | Used in iodometric titrations, preparation of iodine solutions, and redox reactions |
| Photography | Used as stabilizer and sensitizer in silver halide emulsions |
SECTION 7: PRIMARY APPLICATION AREAS
| Sector | Application | Grade Used |
|---|---|---|
| Pharmaceutical / Medical | Thyroid protection in radiation emergencies (I-131 blocking) | Pharmaceutical Grade (USP/EP) |
| Pharmaceutical / Medical | Thyroid treatments (hyperthyroidism, goiter) | Pharmaceutical Grade |
| Pharmaceutical / Medical | Expectorant in cough syrups | Pharmaceutical Grade |
| Pharmaceutical / Medical | Topical antifungal treatment (sporotrichosis, chromomycosis) | Pharmaceutical Grade |
| Food Industry | Iodization of table salt (prevention of iodine deficiency disorders) | Food Grade |
| Food Industry | Dietary supplements and food fortification as iodine source | Food Grade |
| Animal Feed | Mineral supplement in animal nutrition (iodine source) | Feed Grade |
| Laboratory / Analytical Chemistry | Reagent in iodometric titrations; preparation of iodine solutions | Analytical Grade |
| Industrial | Photography stabilizer and emulsion additive | Industrial/Technical Grade |
| Cosmetic | Iodine source in certain skincare products | Cosmetic Grade |
SECTION 8: QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS (PHARMACEUTICAL GRADE - USP/EP)
| Parameter | Specification | Test Method |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White crystalline or granular powder | Visual |
| Odor | Odorless | Olfactometric |
| Purity (KI, Dry Basis) | 99.0 - 101.5% | Iodometric / Argentometric Titration |
| Loss on Drying (105°C, 4 hours) | ≤ 1.0% | Gravimetric |
| pH (5% solution) | 6.0 - 10.0 | pH Meter |
| Water Insoluble Matter | ≤ 0.005% | Gravimetric |
| Iodate (IO3-) | ≤ 4 ppm | Iodometric |
| Chloride and Bromide (as Cl) | ≤ 0.01% | Argentometric |
| Sulfate (SO4 2-) | ≤ 0.005% | Turbidimetric |
| Thiosulfate and Barium | Passes test | USP/EP Monograph |
| Nitrite (NO2-) | Passes test | USP/EP Monograph |
| Heavy Metals (as Pb) | ≤ 10 ppm | ICP-MS / USP <231> |
| Lead (Pb) | ≤ 2 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Arsenic (As) | ≤ 1 ppm | ICP-MS / USP <211> |
| Mercury (Hg) | ≤ 1 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Cadmium (Cd) | ≤ 1 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Iron (Fe) | ≤ 5 ppm | AAS / ICP-OES |
| Calcium (Ca) | ≤ 0.01% | AAS |
| Magnesium (Mg) | ≤ 0.005% | AAS |
| Sodium (Na) | ≤ 0.1% | AAS / Flame Photometry |
| Total Microbial Count | ≤ 100 CFU/g | USP <61> |
| Yeast and Mold | ≤ 10 CFU/g | USP <61> |
| E. coli | Negative in 1g | USP <62> |
| Salmonella spp. | Negative in 25g | USP <62> |
SECTION 9: TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50, Rat) | ~2,779 mg/kg |
| Acute Dermal Toxicity (LD50, Rabbit) | > 2,000 mg/kg |
| Skin Irritation | Mild irritant |
| Eye Irritation | Mild-moderate irritant |
| Respiratory Irritation | Inhalation of dust may cause mechanical irritation |
| Skin Sensitization | Not sensitizing |
| Carcinogenicity | Not classified (IARC, NTP) |
| Mutagenicity | Negative in in vitro tests |
| Reproductive Toxicity | May cause fetal goiter at high doses; controlled use during pregnancy |
| Chronic Toxicity (Iodism) | Long-term high-dose intake may cause iodism (skin rash, headache, increased salivation, metallic taste) |
| Hyperthyroidism Risk | Excessive iodine intake may trigger hyperthyroidism in susceptible individuals (Jod-Basedow phenomenon) |
| Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) | 600 µg/day iodine for adults (from all sources) |
SECTION 10: GHS CLASSIFICATION AND LABELING
GHS Classification (compliant with 1272/2008/EC):
| Hazard Class | Category | H-Statement |
|---|---|---|
| Not classified | - | Not classified as hazardous according to current regulations |
Signal Word: No signal word (not classified as hazardous)
Hazard Pictograms: No pictograms required
Hazard Statements (H-Codes): None (not classified as hazardous)
Precautionary Statements (P-Codes):
| Code | Statement |
|---|---|
| P261 | Avoid breathing dust |
| P280 | Wear protective gloves/eye protection |
| P305+P351+P338 | IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes |
SECTION 11: FIRST AID MEASURES
| Exposure Route | Action to Take |
|---|---|
| Inhalation | Move to fresh air. Seek medical attention if respiratory irritation persists. |
| Skin Contact | Wash with plenty of water and soap for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention if irritation persists. |
| Eye Contact | Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contact lenses if present. Seek medical attention if irritation persists. |
| Ingestion | Rinse mouth with water. Drink plenty of water or milk. Do NOT induce vomiting. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell. |
Iodism Symptoms: Skin rash, headache, swelling of salivary glands, metallic taste in mouth, runny nose, eye irritation.
Allergic Reactions: In rare cases, iodine-sensitive individuals may experience angioedema, cutaneous hemorrhage, fever, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy, and eosinophilia.
SECTION 12: FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Fire Hazard | Non-flammable |
| Hazards During Fire | May release toxic iodine vapors (I2) and hydrogen iodide (HI) when heated or burned |
| Suitable Extinguishing Media | Any extinguishing media appropriate for surrounding fire (water, CO2, dry chemical powder, foam) |
| Special Protective Equipment | Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), full protective clothing |
| Special Precautions | Cool containers exposed to fire with water. Prevent firefighting water from entering the environment. |
SECTION 13: STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Storage Conditions | Cool (15-25°C), dry, dark, well-ventilated area; strictly protect from moisture |
| Container Requirements | Tightly closed, light-resistant (amber) containers; store in original packaging |
| Critical Separation | Store separately from strong oxidizing agents (KIO3, KClO3, KMnO4), strong acids, and metal salts |
| Keep Away From | Moisture, direct sunlight, air, heat, strong oxidizing agents |
| Shelf Life | 36 months (unopened original packaging under appropriate storage conditions) |
| Stability Note | Highly hygroscopic; absorbs moisture leading to caking and oxidation; use promptly after opening; light-sensitive |
SECTION 14: PACKAGING OPTIONS
| Packaging Type | Quantity | Material |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum foil pouch (light-protective) | 1 kg | Laminated aluminum |
| Aluminum foil pouch (light-protective) | 5 kg | Laminated aluminum |
| Kraft bag with PE inner liner | 25 kg | Kraft paper + PE |
| PP woven bag with PE inner liner | 25 kg | PP woven + PE |
| HDPE drum (light-protected) | 25-50 kg | HDPE |
| Big-Bag | 500-1000 kg | Polypropylene (with PE inner liner) |
SECTION 15: TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| UN Number | Not regulated (not a hazardous substance) |
| Hazard Class | Not applicable |
| Packing Group | Not applicable |
| ADR/RID | Not regulated |
| IMDG Code | Not regulated |
| IATA (Air) | Not regulated |
| Marine Pollutant | No |
| Transport Temperature | Ambient (15-25°C); protect from moisture and light |
SECTION 16: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE AND CLEANUP
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Personal Protection | Nitrile gloves, safety goggles, dust mask (N95) |
| Cleanup Methods | Sweep up or vacuum dry. Collect in closed, labeled containers. Avoid washing with water (dissolves and spreads). |
| Environmental Precautions | Prevent entry into drains, soil, and surface water. |
| Waste Disposal | According to local/national regulations; chemical treatment or controlled incineration at licensed disposal facility. |
SECTION 17: REGULATORY STATUS
| Region / Authority | Status |
|---|---|
| European Union | Not approved as food additive (listed as E917 but use in food not permitted) |
| USA (FDA) | GRAS; approved for salt iodization and dietary supplements (21 CFR 172.375, 184.1634) |
| USA (USP-NF) | Official monograph (USP Potassium Iodide) |
| European Pharmacopoeia | Official monograph (Ph. Eur. Potassium Iodide) |
| Codex Alimentarius | Approved for salt iodization (Codex Stan 150-1985) |
| WHO Essential Medicines List | Essential medicine for radiation emergencies |
| WHO / JECFA | Recommended compound for salt iodization; ADI not established |
| Turkey | Approved for salt iodization under Turkish Food Codex Salt Communiqué; pharmacopoeia monograph available |
| UNICEF / ICCIDD | One of two recommended compounds for salt iodization (along with KIO3) |
SECTION 18: OTHER NAMES AND SYNONYMS
| Type | Name |
|---|---|
| Chemical Names | Potassium Iodide, Kalium Iodatum |
| Pharmacopoeia Names | Potassii Iodidum (Latin), Potassium Iodide (USP), Kalium Iodatum (Ph. Eur.) |
| Other Names | KI, Dipotassium Diiodide (rare) |
| Commercial Grades | Pharmaceutical Grade (USP/EP), Food Grade, Analytical Grade, Feed Grade, Technical Grade |
| CAS Number | 7681-11-0 |
| EC Number | 231-659-4 |
SECTION 19: IODINE SOURCES COMPARISON TABLE
| Property | Potassium Iodide (KI) | Potassium Iodate (KIO3) | Sodium Iodide (NaI) | Calcium Iodate Ca(IO3)2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | 7681-11-0 | 7758-05-6 | 7681-82-5 | 7789-80-2 |
| Molecular Formula | KI | KIO3 | NaI | Ca(IO3)2 |
| Molecular Weight | 166.00 | 214.00 | 149.89 | 389.88 |
| Iodine Content | ~76.4% (highest) | ~59.3% | ~84.7% | ~65.1% |
| Hygroscopicity | High | Low | Very High | Low |
| Stability (Humid) | Poor | Excellent | Very Poor | Excellent |
| Oxidizing Property | Reducing | Strong Oxidizer | Reducing | Strong Oxidizer |
| Water Solubility | ~140 g/100 mL | ~9 g/100 mL | ~180 g/100 mL | ~0.4 g/100 mL |
| Radiation Protection | Yes (common) | Yes (limited) | No | No |
| Primary Use | Pharmaceutical, radiation, salt iodization | Salt iodization (tropical), flour | Scintigraphy, analytical | Salt iodization, feed |
SECTION 20: SUMMARY TABLE
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Product | Potassium Iodide (KI) |
| CAS Number | 7681-11-0 |
| EC Number | 231-659-4 |
| Molecular Formula | KI |
| Molecular Weight | 166.00 g/mol |
| Appearance | White crystals or granules |
| Melting Point | ~681°C |
| Solubility in Water (20°C) | ~140 g/100 mL (very soluble) |
| Iodine Content | ~76.4% |
| pH (10% solution) | ~7.0 (neutral) |
| Hygroscopicity | High (readily absorbs moisture) |
| Primary Uses | Pharmaceutical (thyroid, radiation protection), salt iodization, dietary supplement, analytical reagent |
| Shelf Life | 36 months (unopened original packaging) |
| GHS Classification | Not classified (non-hazardous) |
SECTION 21: CRITICAL WARNINGS AND BEST PRACTICES
CRITICAL SAFETY WARNINGS:
-
Hygroscopic Nature: Due to high moisture absorption, absolutely store in a dry environment in tightly closed containers. Use promptly after opening.
-
Light Sensitivity: Undergoes photochemical oxidation and turns yellow with iodine loss upon light exposure. Store in light-resistant (amber) containers.
-
Contact with Oxidizing Agents: Contact with strong oxidizing agents (KIO3, KClO3, KMnO4) releases iodine (I2). Store separately.
-
Contact with Acids: Releases toxic iodine vapors and hydrogen iodide (HI) upon contact with acids.
-
Thyroid Patients: Excessive iodine intake may trigger hyperthyroidism in susceptible individuals (Jod-Basedow phenomenon). Thyroid patients should use under medical supervision.
-
Pregnancy and Lactation: May cause fetal goiter at high doses. Use only under medical recommendation.
BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:
-
Moisture Control: Maintain relative humidity below 60% in storage area; store with desiccants such as silica gel.
-
Light Protection: Use light-resistant amber containers; keep storage area dark.
-
First In, First Out (FIFO): Implement stock rotation; consume opened packages promptly.
-
Salt Iodization Dosage: Typically added to salt at 20-40 mg KI/kg salt (15-30 ppm iodine); use with stabilizer (thiosulfate, dextrose).
-
Radiation Protection Dosage: Adults: 130 mg/day (100 mg iodine); age-adjusted doses for children; single dose or short-term use in nuclear emergency.
-
Solution Preparation: Prepare solutions fresh; store in light-resistant bottles; add stabilizer for long-term storage.
SECTION 22: RADIATION EMERGENCY DOSAGE PROTOCOL (WHO/CDC)
| Age Group | Daily Dose (KI) | Iodine Amount | Tablet / Solution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adults (>40 years, high exposure) | 130 mg | 100 mg | 1 tablet (130 mg) |
| Adults (18-40 years) | 130 mg | 100 mg | 1 tablet (130 mg) |
| Adolescents (12-18 years) | 130 mg | 100 mg | 1 tablet (130 mg) |
| Children (3-12 years) | 65 mg | 50 mg | 1/2 tablet (65 mg) |
| Infants (1 month-3 years) | 32.5 mg | 25 mg | 1/4 tablet (32.5 mg) |
| Newborns (0-1 month) | 16.25 mg | 12.5 mg | 1/8 tablet (16.25 mg) |
Important: Use only under the direction of public health authorities. A single dose generally provides 24 hours of protection. Daily dose may be repeated if prolonged use is required.
LEGAL DISCLAIMER:
The information provided in this document is presented in good faith based on our current knowledge and experience; however, since all usage conditions are beyond our control, it does not constitute a binding specification or warranty. This Technical Data Sheet is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Users are obligated to test the suitability for their own applications. For complete safety, storage, handling, transportation, disposal, and regulatory compliance information, refer to the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
