Antimony Trioxide, Antimony (III) Oxide, Antimonous Oxide, Antimony Oxide Powder, SB Oxide, Antimony Oxide EVA, ATO, 1309-64-4, 1327-33-9

Antimony Trioxide, Antimony (III) Oxide, Antimonous Oxide, Antimony Oxide Powder, SB Oxide, Antimony Oxide EVA, ATO, 1309-64-4, 1327-33-9

🧪 Antimony(III) Oxide – Technical Profile

Chemical Name: Antimony(III) Oxide

Molecular Formula: Sb₂O₃

Molecular Weight: 291.52 g/mol

CAS Numbers: 1309-64-4, 1327-33-9

EINECS Number: 215-175-0

InChI: InChI=1/O.Sb/q;+3/rOSb/c1-2/q+3

InChIKey: MUBFITUCTVFSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L

🔍 Synonyms and Identifiers

Antimony Trioxide, Antimony(III) Oxide, Antimonous Oxide, Antimony Oxide, Diantimony Trioxide, SB Oxide, Antimony Oxide Powder, C.I. Pigment White 11, C.I. 77052, Antimony(+3) Oxide, Antimonyoxidepowder

🚫 Excluded or Rare Synonyms

The following terms are rarely used or manufacturer-specific and are excluded from standard documentation: a1530, Dioxodistiboxane, Oxoantimony, Antimony oxide elec gr white powder

🧪 Antimony(III) Oxide – Technical Data Sheet

🔹 Chemical Identity

• Chemical Name: Antimony(III) Oxide

• Molecular Formula: Sb₂O₃

• Molar Mass: 291.52 g/mol

• CAS Numbers: 1309-64-4, 1327-33-9

• EINECS: 215-175-0

• MDL Number: MFCD00011214

• UN Number: 1549

• HS Code: 28258000

• Hazard Class: 6.1

• Packing Group: III

🔹 Physico-Chemical Properties

🔹 Safety & Regulatory

🔹 Applications

• 🔥 Flame Retardant Additive Used in plastics, synthetic rubber, canvas, paper, coatings. Acts synergistically with halogenated systems to suppress combustion and smoke.

• 🎨 Pigment & Opacifier Used as Pigment White 11 in paints, ceramics, and enamel to enhance whiteness and opacity.

• 🧪 Catalyst & Precursor Used in PET production, synthetic fiber catalysis, and as a raw material for antimony salts.

• 🧱 Glass & Enamel Industry Functions as a decolorizing agent (replacing arsenious acid) and gloss enhancer.

• 🧵 Textile Sector Applied in flame-retardant treatments for upholstery, carpets, and bedding.

• 🚗 Brake Pad Manufacturing Enhances thermal resistance and prevents ignition under frictional heat.

🔹 Production Methods

Dry Process:

• Roasting stibnite (Sb₂S₃) or metallic antimony at ~1000 °C with coke

• Sb₂O₃ vapor is condensed and collected

• Metallic antimony is reduced and re-oxidized to form Sb₂O₃

Wet Process:

• (1) Antimony Salt Ammonolysis: Metallic antimony reacts with chlorine → SbCl₃ → hydrolysis → Sb₂O₃

• (2) Hydrochloric Acid Method: Stibnite reacts with HCl + HNO₃ → hydrolysis → precipitation → drying

🔹 Handling & Storage

• Packaging: 500 g glass bottles, 50 kg plastic-lined iron drums or woven bags

• Storage: Cool, dry, well-ventilated warehouse

• Avoid contact with strong acids and alkalis

• Protect from moisture, sunlight, and physical damage during transport

⚠️ Health Hazards & First Aid

• Acute Exposure: Irritation to respiratory tract, skin, and digestive system

• Chronic Exposure: May cause metabolic disorders, eczema, urticaria

• First Aid: For inhalation: fresh air, sweet tea, aspirin For ingestion: gastric lavage with tannic acid or protein water, warm milk, mucilaginous drinks

🧪 Antimony Trioxide (Sb₂O₃) – Technical Overview

🔹 IARC Classification

• Carcinogenicity: Group 2B – Possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC Vol. 47, 1989)

🔹 Antimony-Oxygen Compounds

Antimony forms several oxides with oxygen, but only three are industrially relevant:

• Sb₂O₃ – Antimony Trioxide

• Sb₂O₄ – Antimony Tetroxide

• Sb₂O₅ – Antimony Pentoxide

Other oxides such as Sb₂O, Sb₆O₁₃, and gaseous SbO are transitional forms observed during specific production processes.

🔹 Crystalline Forms & Properties

Antimony Trioxide exists in multiple crystal forms:

• Appearance: White powder

• Thermal Behavior:

  • Turns yellow when heated, reverts to white upon cooling

  • Melts at ~656 °C into a light yellow or gray liquid

  • Upon cooling, forms a white, mercerized, asbestos-like solid

🔹 Solubility Profile

• Slightly soluble in: Water, ethanol, dilute acids

• Soluble in:

  • Concentrated HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄

  • Oxalic acid, tartaric acid

  • Alkalis → forms antimonates

🔹 Toxicity & Health Hazards

• General Toxicity: Low acute toxicity, but irritant to eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract

• Skin Contact: May cause dermatitis

• Exposure Limits:

  • ACGIH TLV: 0.5 mg/m³

  • NIOSH IDLH: 50 mg/m³

🔹 Production Methods

Dry Method:

• Roasting stibnite (Sb₂S₃) with coke at ~1000 °C

• Sb₂O₃ vapor is condensed

• Soda ash used as flux to reduce to metallic antimony

• Metallic antimony is re-oxidized in air to yield pure Sb₂O₃

Wet Method:

• Leaching stibnite with hydrochloric acid → SbCl₃

• Hydrolysis with caustic soda → Sb₂O₃

• Includes steps like ammonolysis, washing, separation, and drying

🔹 IARC Classification

• Carcinogenicity: Group 2B – Possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC Vol. 47, 1989)

🔹 Antimony-Oxygen Compounds

Antimony forms several oxides with oxygen, but only three are industrially relevant:

• Sb₂O₃ – Antimony Trioxide

• Sb₂O₄ – Antimony Tetroxide

• Sb₂O₅ – Antimony Pentoxide

Other oxides such as Sb₂O, Sb₆O₁₃, and gaseous SbO are transitional forms observed during specific production processes.

🔹 Crystalline Forms & Properties

Antimony Trioxide exists in multiple crystal forms:

• Appearance: White powder

• Thermal Behavior:

  • Turns yellow when heated, reverts to white upon cooling

  • Melts at ~656 °C into a light yellow or gray liquid

  • Upon cooling, forms a white, mercerized, asbestos-like solid

🔹 Solubility Profile

• Slightly soluble in: Water, ethanol, dilute acids

• Soluble in:

  • Concentrated HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄

  • Oxalic acid, tartaric acid

  • Alkalis → forms antimonates

🔹 Toxicity & Health Hazards

• General Toxicity: Low acute toxicity, but irritant to eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract

• Skin Contact: May cause dermatitis

• Exposure Limits:

  • ACGIH TLV: 0.5 mg/m³

  • NIOSH IDLH: 50 mg/m³

🔹 Production Methods

Dry Method:

• Roasting stibnite (Sb₂S₃) with coke at ~1000 °C

• Sb₂O₃ vapor is condensed

• Soda ash used as flux to reduce to metallic antimony

• Metallic antimony is re-oxidized in air to yield pure Sb₂O₃

Wet Method:

• Leaching stibnite with hydrochloric acid → SbCl₃

• Hydrolysis with caustic soda → Sb₂O₃

• Includes steps like ammonolysis, washing, separation, and drying

🔹 Toxicity & Safety

• Acute Exposure: Causes irritation to the respiratory tract, digestive system, and skin.

• Chronic Exposure: May affect metabolism, cause dry skin, cracked fingers/nose, and allergic reactions (eczema, urticaria).

• First Aid Measures:

  • Inhalation: Provide sweet tea, coffee, aspirin, aminopyrine.

  • Ingestion: Gastric lavage with tannic acid or protein water; administer warm milk or mucilaginous drinks (e.g., barley soup).

• Occupational Limit:

  • Maximum allowable airborne concentration: 1 mg/m³

• Precautions: Use protective equipment. Prevent dust formation and dispersion in the workplace.

🔹 Applications

Antimony Trioxide is a versatile inorganic compound used across multiple industries:

• 🔥 Flame Retardant: Used in plastics, synthetic rubber, canvas, paper, coatings, textiles, and chemical fibers. Acts synergistically with halogenated systems.

• 🎨 Pigment & Opacifier: Known as Pigment White 11, used in paints, enamels, and ceramics to enhance whiteness and opacity.

• 🧪 Catalyst & Precursor: Applied in PET production, synthetic fiber catalysis, and as a raw material for antimony salts.

• 🧱 Glass & Enamel Industry: Functions as a decolorizing agent (replacing arsenious acid) and gloss enhancer.

• 🧵 Textile Sector: Used in flame-retardant treatments for upholstery, carpets, and bedding.

• ⚗️ Other Uses: High-purity reagent, anti-light agent, filler in cement, additive in fireproof coatings, and in metallurgy, medicine, and defense applications.

🔹 Production Methods

Antimony Trioxide is produced via dry and wet methods:

🔸 Dry Method

1. From Stibnite (Sb₂S₃):

• Reactions:

2Sb2S3+9O2→2Sb2O3+6SO2↑2Sb_2S_3 + 9O_2 \rightarrow 2Sb_2O_3 + 6SO_2 \uparrow

Sb2O3+3C→2Sb+3CO↑Sb_2O_3 + 3C \rightarrow 2Sb + 3CO \uparrow

4Sb+3O2→2Sb2O34Sb + 3O_2 \rightarrow 2Sb_2O_3

• Process: Stibnite is roasted at ~1000 °C with coke. Sb₂O₃ vapor is condensed. Soda ash is used as flux to reduce to metallic antimony, which is then oxidized in air to yield pure Sb₂O₃.

2. From Metallic Antimony:

• Reaction:

2Sb+3O2→2Sb2O32Sb + 3O_2 \rightarrow 2Sb_2O_3

• Process: 700 kg of 99.8% pure antimony is heated to 1200 °C in a graphite furnace. Air is introduced to oxidize sulfur traces. After cooling to 786 °C, air is passed for 12 h to obtain Sb₂O₃ with 92.1% yield.

🔸 Wet Method

1. Antimony Salt Ammonolysis:

• Reactions:

2Sb+3Cl2→2SbCl32Sb + 3Cl_2 \rightarrow 2SbCl_3

SbCl3+H2O→SbOCl+2HClSbCl_3 + H_2O \rightarrow SbOCl + 2HCl

2SbOCl+2NH4OH→Sb2O3+2NH4Cl+H2O2SbOCl + 2NH_4OH \rightarrow Sb_2O_3 + 2NH_4Cl + H_2O

• Process: Metallic antimony reacts with chlorine to form SbCl₃, which undergoes hydrolysis, ammonolysis, washing, and drying to yield Sb₂O₃.

2. Acid Leaching from Stibnite:

• Reaction:

Sb2S3+6HCl→2SbCl3+3H2S↑Sb_2S_3 + 6HCl \rightarrow 2SbCl_3 + 3H_2S \uparrow

• Process: Stibnite is leached with HCl and FeCl₂ under chlorine gas at 80 °C. The solution is hydrolyzed, neutralized with ammonia, washed, and dried to produce high-purity Sb₂O₃ (≥99.8%, <325 mesh, whiteness 97%).

⚠️ Antimony Trioxide – Safety & Hazard Profile

🔹 Category

• Toxic Substances

🔹 Toxicity Classification

• Type: Poisoning

• Acute Toxicity:

  • LD₅₀ (intraperitoneal, rat): 3250 mg/kg

  • LD₅₀ (intraperitoneal, mouse): 172 mg/kg

🔹 Flammability & Combustion Hazards

• Combustible Material

• Hazard: Combustion produces toxic antimonide smoke

🔹 Storage & Transportation

• Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated warehouses

• Keep away from food ingredients, BRF₃ (boron trifluoride), and chlorinated rubber

• Protect from moisture, heat, and direct sunlight

🔹 Fire Extinguishing Agents

• ✅ Dry chemical powder

• ✅ Foam

• ✅ Sand

• ✅ Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

• ✅ Mist water spray

🔹 Occupational Exposure Standard

• TWA (Time-Weighted Average): 0.5 mg/m³ (as antimony)

🔥 Antimony Trioxide + 10% EVA Masterbatch – Technical Overview

🧪 Composition

• Content: ➤ 90% Antimony Trioxide (Sb₂O₃) ➤ 10% EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) carrier

🔹 Purpose & Function

This masterbatch is designed as a flame retardant additive. The EVA carrier enables uniform dispersion of Sb₂O₃ into polymer matrices and eliminates dust-related safety risks during processing.

✅ Key Advantages

📌 Application Areas

• Cable and wire insulation

• Technical plastic components

• Film and sheet production

• Electrical and electronic parts

• Masterbatch and compound manufacturing

🧪 CAS Numbers Explained – Antimony Trioxide (Sb₂O₃)

📊 Antimony Oxide Types – CAS Numbers, Applications & Compatibility