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Send EmailCitric Acid Monohydrate, Citric Acid Mono, Lemon Salt, E330, 5949-29-1
CITRIC ACID MONOHYDRATE
PRODUCT IDENTIFIER INFORMATION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Product Name | Citric Acid Monohydrate |
| Common Name | Lemon Salt |
| Chemical Name (IUPAC) | 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid monohydrate |
| CAS Number | 5949-29-1 |
| EC Number (EINECS) | 201-069-1 |
| Food Additive Code | E330 |
| Molecular Formula | C6H8O7·H2O |
| Molecular Weight | 210.14 g/mol |
SECTION 1: CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND DESCRIPTION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name (IUPAC) | 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid monohydrate |
| Synonyms | Citric Acid Monohydrate, Lemon Salt, Hydroxytricarballylic Acid, 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic Acid Monohydrate |
| Trade Names | Citric Acid Mono, E330 |
| CAS Number | 5949-29-1 |
| EC Number (EINECS) | 201-069-1 |
| Food Additive Code | E330 |
| INS Number | 330 |
| Molecular Formula | C6H8O7·H2O |
| Molecular Weight | 210.14 g/mol |
| Chemical Class | Organic acid (tricarboxylic acid) |
| Functional Groups | Three carboxyl groups (-COOH), one hydroxyl group (-OH) |
| Physical State (20°C) | Solid (colorless or white crystalline powder or granules) |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Taste | Strongly sour, lemon-like |
SECTION 2: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
| Property | Value | Test Method |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | Colorless or white crystalline powder or granules | Visual |
| Odor | Odorless | Olfactometric |
| Taste | Strongly sour, lemon-like | Sensory |
| Molecular Weight | 210.14 g/mol | Calculated |
| Melting Point | ~135°C (begins losing crystal water at 100°C) | DSC |
| Decomposition Temperature | 175°C | TGA |
| Autoignition Temperature | 1010°C (as dust) | ASTM E659 |
| Density (25°C) | ~1.54 g/cm3 | ASTM D4052 |
| pH (1% solution, 25°C) | ~2.31 | pH Meter |
| pH (10% solution, 25°C) | ~1.8 | pH Meter |
| Solubility in Water (20°C) | 59.2 g/100 mL (very soluble) | Gravimetric |
| Solubility in Water (25°C) | 1630 g/L | Gravimetric |
| Solubility in Ethanol | Freely soluble | General Method |
| Solubility in Ether | Slightly soluble | General Method |
| Water Content (Crystal Water) | 7.5 - 8.8% | Karl Fischer Titration |
| Log P (Octanol/Water) | -1.72 | Calculated |
| Hygroscopicity | Moderately hygroscopic (absorbs moisture) | Visual |
| Efflorescence | Tends to lose crystal water in hot air | Visual |
| Dust Explosion Hazard | Fine dust may form explosive mixtures with air | Dust Explosion Test |
| Flash Point | Non-flammable | Not applicable |
SECTION 3: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND REACTIVITY
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Chemical Character | Weak organic acid; chelating agent |
| Stability | Stable under normal conditions; efflorescent in hot air (loses crystal water) |
| Decomposition Products (Heating) | Above 175°C: aconitic acid, itaconic acid, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor |
| Incompatible Materials | Strong bases (caustic), strong oxidizing agents, nitrates, metals (copper, zinc, aluminum and their alloys) |
| Reaction with Metals | Aqueous solution is corrosive to copper, zinc, aluminum and their alloys |
| Reaction with Bases | Neutralizes with strong bases to form citrate salts |
| Chelating Property | Forms complexes by binding metal ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+/Fe3+) |
| Antioxidant Property | Inhibits oxidation reactions by chelating metal ions |
| Hazardous Polymerization | Does not occur |
SECTION 4: PRODUCTION METHODS
| Method | Description |
|---|---|
| Extraction from Natural Sources (Historical) | Extraction from lemon juice (5-8% citric acid) or pineapple waste; does not meet industrial demand |
| Microbial Fermentation (Primary Method) | Fermentation of sugar-based raw materials (sugar beet molasses, corn starch, sugar cane) using Aspergillus niger mold |
| Purification | Fermentation broth is neutralized with calcium hydroxide (lime); calcium citrate precipitate is filtered; treated with sulfuric acid to release pure citric acid |
| Crystallization (Monohydrate) | Pure citric acid solution is concentrated under vacuum; cooled below 20-25°C to crystallize monohydrate form (anhydrous form crystallizes above 36.6°C) |
SECTION 5: CITRIC ACID FORMS COMPARISON
| Property | Citric Acid Monohydrate | Citric Acid Anhydrous |
|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | 5949-29-1 | 77-92-9 |
| Molecular Formula | C6H8O7·H2O | C6H8O7 |
| Molecular Weight | 210.14 g/mol | 192.12 g/mol |
| Water Content | 7.5 - 8.8% | ≤ 0.5% |
| Crystallization Temperature | <25°C | >36.6°C |
| Appearance | White crystalline powder; slightly moist appearance | White crystalline powder; dry appearance |
| Hygroscopicity | Moderate | Low |
| Efflorescence Tendency | Loses water in hot air | None |
| Preferred Use | Liquid formulations, general food applications | Dry mixes, moisture-sensitive products |
SECTION 6: FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Acidity Regulator | Lowers pH in foods and beverages; provides sour taste |
| Preservative | Inhibits microbial growth by creating low pH environment |
| Antioxidant | Inhibits oxidation by chelating metal ions; delays enzymatic browning |
| Antioxidant Synergist | Enhances effectiveness of other antioxidants (such as vitamin C) |
| Chelating Agent | Binds metal ions such as calcium, magnesium, iron |
| Water Softener | Binds Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in hard water, improving detergent performance |
| Descaling Agent | Dissolves calcium carbonate (limescale) deposits |
| pH Buffer | Used in preparation of buffer solutions as a weak acid |
| Exfoliant (Peeling) | Mild skin peeling effect in cosmetics |
| Set Retarder | Extends setting time of concrete and gypsum in construction |
SECTION 7: PRIMARY APPLICATION AREAS
| Sector | Application | Typical Usage Rate |
|---|---|---|
| Food and Beverage | Soft drinks, fruit juices, confectionery, jams, jellies, frozen foods | 0.05 - 2.0% |
| Food (Preservative) | Fruit/vegetable processing, prevention of enzymatic browning | 0.1 - 1.0% |
| Food (Antioxidant) | Prevention of oxidation in oils and fats | 0.01 - 0.1% |
| Pharmaceutical | Effervescent tablets (acid source), syrups and suspensions (pH adjuster, flavoring) | Formulation dependent |
| Pharmaceutical | Anticoagulant in blood bags (calcium chelation) | 0.1 - 0.5% |
| Biochemistry | Citrate buffer solutions, biological culture media | Variable |
| Cosmetic | Creams, lotions, shampoos, hair conditioners (pH adjuster) | 0.1 - 1.0% |
| Cosmetic | Skincare products (peeling, acne, anti-aging) | 0.5 - 5.0% |
| Cleaning | Water softener in detergents and soaps, descaling agent | 1.0 - 5.0% |
| Metal Processing | Passivation, electroplating, metal cleaning | 2.0 - 10.0% |
| Construction | Set retarder in concrete and gypsum | 0.05 - 0.5% |
SECTION 8: QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS (FOOD/PHARMACEUTICAL GRADE - USP/EP/FCC)
| Parameter | Specification | Test Method |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | Colorless or white crystalline powder or granules | Visual |
| Odor | Odorless | Olfactometric |
| Purity (Dry Basis) | 99.5 - 100.5% | Titrimetric (with NaOH) |
| Water Content (Crystal Water) | 7.5 - 8.8% | Karl Fischer Titration |
| Solution Appearance (200 g/L) | Clear (turbidity ≤ 3 NTU) and colorless | Spectrophotometric |
| Sulfated Ash | ≤ 0.05% | Gravimetric |
| Chloride (Cl-) | ≤ 5 ppm | Ion Chromatography |
| Sulfate (SO4 2-) | ≤ 150 ppm (FCC: ≤ 10 ppm) | Turbidimetric |
| Oxalate (C2O4 2-) | ≤ 100 ppm (USP: ≤ 50 ppm) | Ion Chromatography |
| Heavy Metals (as Pb) | ≤ 5 ppm | ICP-MS / USP <231> |
| Lead (Pb) | ≤ 0.5 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Arsenic (As) | ≤ 1 ppm | ICP-MS / USP <211> |
| Mercury (Hg) | ≤ 1 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Iron (Fe) | ≤ 5 ppm (USP: ≤ 3 ppm) | AAS / ICP-OES |
| Aluminum (Al) | ≤ 0.2 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Calcium (Ca) | ≤ 10 ppm | AAS |
| Total Microbial Count | ≤ 100 CFU/g | USP <61> |
| Yeast and Mold | ≤ 10 CFU/g | USP <61> |
| E. coli | Negative in 1g | USP <62> |
| Salmonella spp. | Negative in 25g | USP <62> |
SECTION 9: TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50, Rat) | > 5,000 mg/kg (low toxicity) |
| Acute Dermal Toxicity (LD50, Rabbit) | > 2,000 mg/kg |
| Skin Irritation | Mild irritant; prolonged contact may cause eczema in sensitive individuals |
| Eye Irritation | Causes serious eye irritation (H319) |
| Respiratory Irritation | Inhalation of dust may cause respiratory irritation (H335) |
| Skin Sensitization | Not sensitizing |
| Carcinogenicity | Not classified (IARC, NTP) |
| Mutagenicity | Negative in in vitro and in vivo tests |
| Reproductive Toxicity | No known adverse effects |
| Chronic Toxicity | Safe under normal use conditions |
| GRAS Status | Recognized as GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) by FDA |
| ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) | Not limited (JECFA) |
SECTION 10: GHS CLASSIFICATION AND LABELING
GHS Classification (compliant with 1272/2008/EC):
| Hazard Class | Category | H-Statement |
|---|---|---|
| Serious Eye Damage/Irritation | Category 2 | H319 |
| Specific Target Organ Toxicity (STOT - SE) | Category 3 | H335 |
Signal Word: WARNING
Hazard Pictograms:
┌─────────┐
│ ! │ GHS07 - Exclamation Mark
└─────────┘
Hazard Statements (H-Codes):
| Code | Statement |
|---|---|
| H319 | Causes serious eye irritation |
| H335 | May cause respiratory irritation |
Precautionary Statements (P-Codes):
| Code | Statement |
|---|---|
| P261 | Avoid breathing dust |
| P264 | Wash hands thoroughly after handling |
| P271 | Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area |
| P280 | Wear protective gloves/eye protection/face protection |
| P304+P340 | IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing |
| P305+P351+P338 | IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing |
| P337+P313 | If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention |
| P403+P233 | Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed |
SECTION 11: FIRST AID MEASURES
| Exposure Route | Action to Take |
|---|---|
| Inhalation | Move to fresh air, rest. Seek medical attention if breathing difficulty occurs. |
| Skin Contact | Remove contaminated clothing. Wash skin with plenty of water and soap. Seek medical attention if irritation persists. |
| Eye Contact | Rinse with plenty of water for at least 15-20 minutes, holding eyelids open. Remove contact lenses if present. Seek medical attention. |
| Ingestion | Rinse mouth with water. If conscious, give 1-2 glasses of water to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Seek medical attention. |
SECTION 12: FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Fire Hazard | Non-flammable; however, fine dust may form explosive mixtures with air |
| Hazards During Fire | Releases CO, CO2, and irritating fumes when heated or burned |
| Suitable Extinguishing Media | Water mist (fog), CO2, dry chemical powder, foam |
| Special Protective Equipment | Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), full protective clothing |
| Special Precautions | Prevent dust accumulation; avoid sparks |
SECTION 13: STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Storage Conditions | Cool (15-25°C), dry, well-ventilated area; protect from direct sunlight |
| Container Requirements | Tightly closed, moisture-proof original packaging |
| Critical Separation | Strong bases, oxidizing agents, nitrates, metals (copper, zinc, aluminum and their alloys) |
| Keep Away From | Excessive heat, moisture, direct sunlight |
| Shelf Life | 36 months (unopened original packaging under appropriate storage conditions) |
| Stability Note | Moderately hygroscopic; efflorescent in hot air (loses crystal water); store in tightly closed containers |
SECTION 14: PACKAGING OPTIONS
| Packaging Type | Quantity | Material |
|---|---|---|
| Kraft bag with PE inner liner | 25 kg | Kraft paper + PE |
| PP woven bag with PE inner liner | 25 kg | PP woven + PE |
| Plastic bottle | 25 kg | HDPE |
| Big-Bag | 500-1000 kg | Polypropylene (with PE inner liner) |
| Aluminum foil pouch | 1-5 kg | Laminated aluminum |
SECTION 15: TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| UN Number | Not regulated (not a hazardous substance) |
| Hazard Class | Not applicable |
| Packing Group | Not applicable |
| ADR/RID | Not regulated |
| IMDG Code | Not regulated |
| IATA (Air) | Not regulated |
| Marine Pollutant | No |
| Transport Temperature | Ambient (15-25°C); protect from moisture and excessive heat |
SECTION 16: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE AND CLEANUP
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Personal Protection | Nitrile gloves, safety goggles, dust mask (N95) |
| Cleanup Methods | Sweep up or vacuum dry. Collect in closed, labeled containers. Wash residue with plenty of water. |
| Environmental Precautions | Prevent entry of large quantities into water sources (may cause pH decrease). |
| Waste Disposal | Completely biodegradable. Dispose according to local regulations. |
SECTION 17: REGULATORY STATUS
| Region / Authority | Status |
|---|---|
| European Union | Food additive E330; approved for use quantum satis in all foods |
| USA (FDA) | GRAS (21 CFR 184.1033); approved as food additive and excipient |
| USP-NF | Official monograph (USP Citric Acid Monohydrate) |
| European Pharmacopoeia | Official monograph (Ph. Eur. Citric Acid Monohydrate) |
| FCC (Food Chemicals Codex) | Approved |
| JECFA (FAO/WHO) | ADI not limited |
| Turkey | Approved under Turkish Food Codex; Turkish Pharmacopoeia monograph |
| Kosher | Available |
| Halal | Available |
SECTION 18: OTHER NAMES AND SYNONYMS
| Type | Name |
|---|---|
| Chemical Names | 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid monohydrate, Hydroxytricarballylic Acid Monohydrate |
| Common Names | Citric Acid Monohydrate, Lemon Salt |
| Food Additive Code | E330, INS 330 |
| Other Names | Citric Acid Mono, 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic Acid Monohydrate |
| Pharmacopoeia Names | Citric Acid Monohydrate (USP), Acidum Citricum Monohydricum (Ph. Eur.) |
| CAS Number | 5949-29-1 |
| EC Number | 201-069-1 |
SECTION 19: ORGANIC ACIDS COMPARISON TABLE
| Property | Citric Acid (E330) | Malic Acid (E296) | Tartaric Acid (E334) | Lactic Acid (E270) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | 5949-29-1 | 6915-15-7 | 87-69-4 | 50-21-5 |
| Molecular Formula | C6H8O7 | C4H6O5 | C4H6O6 | C3H6O3 |
| Acidity (pKa1) | 3.13 | 3.40 | 3.04 | 3.86 |
| Taste Profile | Sharp sour, lemon | Smooth sour, apple | Hard sour, grape | Mild sour, milk |
| Chelating Strength | Very High | Medium | High | Low |
| Hygroscopicity | Moderate | Low | Low | Very High (liquid) |
| Solubility (Water) | ~59 g/100mL | ~55 g/100mL | ~20 g/100mL | Completely miscible |
| Primary Use | Food, pharma, cleaning | Food, confectionery | Food, winemaking | Food, cosmetics, bioplastics |
SECTION 20: SUMMARY TABLE
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Product | Citric Acid Monohydrate (Lemon Salt) |
| CAS Number | 5949-29-1 |
| Food Additive Code | E330 |
| Molecular Formula | C6H8O7·H2O |
| Molecular Weight | 210.14 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless or white crystalline powder or granules |
| Melting Point | ~135°C |
| Solubility in Water (20°C) | 59.2 g/100 mL |
| pH (1% solution) | ~2.31 |
| Water Content (Crystal Water) | 7.5 - 8.8% |
| Primary Function | Acidity regulator, preservative, antioxidant, chelating agent |
| Shelf Life | 36 months (unopened original packaging) |
| GHS Signal Word | Warning |
| Regulatory Status | FDA GRAS, E330, USP/EP/FCC monographs |
SECTION 21: CRITICAL WARNINGS AND BEST PRACTICES
CRITICAL SAFETY WARNINGS:
-
Eye Irritation: Causes serious eye irritation. Wear protective goggles.
-
Dust Explosion Risk: Fine dust may form explosive mixtures with air. Prevent dust accumulation; keep away from sparks and open flames.
-
Incompatibility with Metals: Aqueous solution is corrosive to copper, zinc, aluminum and their alloys. Use equipment made of suitable materials (stainless steel 316L, HDPE, glass).
-
Reaction with Strong Bases: Neutralization reaction with strong bases (caustic soda, potassium hydroxide) is exothermic; heat is released.
-
Crystal Water Loss: In hot air (>30°C), may lose crystal water and convert to anhydrous form; may cause weight loss and formulation changes.
BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:
-
Moisture Control: Being moderately hygroscopic, maintain relative humidity below 60% in storage area; store in tightly closed packaging.
-
Temperature Control: Store below 25°C; avoid excessive heat to prevent crystal water loss.
-
Stainless Steel Equipment: Use stainless steel 316L or HDPE equipment when working with aqueous solutions.
-
Dust Control: Minimize dust generation when handling large quantities; provide adequate ventilation against explosion risk.
-
Solution Preparation: When preparing aqueous solutions, add acid to water (never the reverse).
-
Quality Verification: Use products conforming to USP/EP/FCC quality standards for food and pharmaceutical applications.
LEGAL DISCLAIMER:
The information provided in this document is presented in good faith based on our current knowledge and experience; however, since all usage conditions are beyond our control, it does not constitute a binding specification or warranty. This Technical Data Sheet is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Users are obligated to test the suitability for their own applications. For complete safety, storage, handling, transportation, disposal, and regulatory compliance information, refer to the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
