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Send EmailGibberellic acid, GA3, Gibberellic Acid A3, RELEASE, PRO-GIBB, RYZUP STRONG, 77-06-5
Gibberellic acid
CAS: 77-06-5
Molecular Formula: C19H22O6
Names and Identifiers
Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C19H22O6 |
| Molar Mass | 346.38 |
| Density | 1.34 g/cm3 (20℃) |
| Melting Point | 227 °C |
| Boling Point | 401.12°C (rough estimate) |
| Specific Rotation(α) | 82.5 º (c=10, ethanol) |
| Flash Point | 227°C |
| Water Solubility | 5 g/L (20 º C) |
| Solubility | Soluble in alcohol, acetone, ethyl acetate, sodium bicarbonate solution and phosphate buffer with pH6.2. |
| Vapor Presure | 5.93E-18mmHg at 25°C |
| Appearance | White crystal |
| Color | White to pale yellow |
| Merck | 14,4419 |
| BRN | 54346 |
| pKa | 4.0(at 25℃) |
| Storage Condition | 0-6°C |
| Stability | Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with acids, strong oxidizing agents. |
| Sensitive | Sensitive to light |
| Refractive Index | 81 ° (C=2, MeOH) |
| MDL | MFCD00079329 |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | Appearance white powder melting point 227°C specific rotation 82.5 ° (c = 10, ethanol) water-soluble 5g/L (20°C) |
| Use | Used as plant growth regulator, used in potato, tomato, rice, wheat, cotton, soybean, tobacco, fruit trees, etc., to promote its growth, germination, flowering, fruiting |
Risk and Safety
| Hazard Symbols | Xi - Irritant |
| Risk Codes | 36 - Irritating to the eyes |
| Safety Description | S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S36 - Wear suitable protective clothing. S24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| RTECS | LY8990000 |
| FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 10 |
| TSCA | Yes |
| HS Code | 29322980 |
| Toxicity | LD50 orally in Rabbit: 6300 mg/kg LD50 dermal Rabbit > 2000 mg/kg |
Upstream Downstream Industry
| Raw Materials | Sodium carbonate Starch potato Methyl alcohol Potassium Phosphate Monobasic Sulfuric acid Dextrose Anhydrate Ethyl Alcohol Ethyl acetate Starch potato |
Reference
77-06-5 - Nature
The Pure product is white crystal, and the industrial product is white powder. Soluble in alcohol, ketone, Ester and other organic solvents, insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene and water. Forms salts with potassium and sodium ions and dissolves in water. Gibberellin solid was relatively stable. In the dry, closed storage conditions for a long time will not fail, the aqueous solution is unstable. Can be in acidic or weak acidic conditions and low temperature short-term storage, high temperature or alkaline conditions unstable.
Preparation Method
gibberellin can be produced by fermentation. Gibberellin is produced by gibberellic acid metabolism in wheat bran, sucrose and inorganic salts. The fermentation broth is obtained by solvent extraction and concentration.
Use
efficient plant growth regulator. Can promote crop growth and development, early maturation, improve quality, offer yield. It can quickly break the seeds, tubers and bulbs and other organs of dormancy, promote germination, reduce the bud, flower, Bell, fruit shedding, improve fruit setting rate or the formation of seedless fruit. Can be used for rice, wheat, cotton, fruit trees, vegetables and other crops, to promote their growth, germination, flowering, fruiting. Gibberellins, whether sprayed, smeared, dipped in the root, have the effect of increasing the yield of different crops, but the application of too much gibberellins, plants will appear yellow and slender branches, that is, the loss of green, growth phenomenon, but affect the yield. Gibberellins may also be used in the manufacture of malt from barley. It also promotes the development of insects.
Safety
normal use of non-toxic to humans and animals. Mouse acute oral LD50>25000mg/kg. Rats inhaled no effect dose of 250 ~ 400mg/L. No teratogenic and mutagenic effects. Swallowing toxic, powder splash into the eyes with a large amount of water to rinse.
Reference Information
| phytohormone | gibberellin is a kind of phytohormone with gibberellin ring structure, which can promote plant growth. It exists in both free and bound forms. In general, there are at least two or more kinds of gibberellins in plants, and different gibberellins can be transformed into each other. The young tissues of leaves, shoots, roots and immature seeds are the main synthetic sites of gibberellin. With the promotion of stem elongation, induction of long-day plants under the condition of short-day bolting flowering, break dormancy, promote fruit setting and parthenocarpy and cell division and differentiation and other physiological effects. The most significant effect of GA is to promote tissue growth, so that the height of the plant is significantly increased, and the elongation effect of several genetic dwarf plants is particularly obvious. Gibberellin can replace red light to stimulate the germination of dormant seeds (kidney beans, lettuce, etc.); It can induce the synthesis of α-amylase and hydrolyze starch into sugar. This extremely specific reaction has been used for bioidentification of gibberellins and has been used in beer production. In the beer industry, GA3 has been used to promote the germination of barley seeds, saving food and reducing costs, shorten the production cycle and ensure the quality of beer. Treatment of corn plants with high concentrations (500 ~ 1000ppm) of gibberellin can result in partial or complete male sterility. This is very beneficial for the development of maize inbred lines. Under low temperature and low light, gibberellin can break the dormancy of forage and is beneficial to green manure cultivation, Can promote the growth of sugarcane; In the early spring under low temperature, can promote pea and bean germination early, rapid emergence. Gibberellin is commonly used in agriculture to improve the yield of seedless grape, break the dormancy of potato, and is used to promote heading and improve the yield of hybrid seeds in hybrid rice seed production. |
| History of discovery | in, Japanese pathologist kuishiu Yingyi was studying rice cachexia, it was found that the height of the rice with the disease was caused by the substance secreted by the pathogen, which was called the fungus. An active product was isolated from Gibberella oryzae by zhenjilang et al. And crystals were obtained, named gibberellin (GA). The first kind of gibberellic acid isolated and identified is called gibberellic acid (GA3). There are more than 70 kinds of gibberellins isolated and identified, which indicates that more than 40 kinds of gibberellins exist in higher plants, respectively GA1, GA2,GA3......, Gibberellic acid (GA3) is the most widely used and studied, and gibberellic acid 4(GA4) and gibberellic acid 7(GA7) are used much more widely in production. In the 50 s, the United States abot Laboratory (Abbott labora-tories), the British Imperial Chemical Company (ICI) and the Japanese Union fermentation, Meiji Pharmaceutical and so on have been put into operation. In 1958, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Agricultural University also put into production. Gibberellic acid pure white crystals, insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, acetone and esters. All tissues and organs of plants contain gibberellin, and the synthesis site is generally in young tissues such as young buds, young roots, immature seeds and embryos. FIG. 1 shows the structural formula of gibberellic acid (GA3). |
| Chemical Structure and Properties | GA has a common basic skeleton in chemical structure, that is, the four carbon ring containing the red. The difference between the various gibberellins is the difference in the number and position of double bonds, hydroxyl groups. According to the number of carbon atoms can be divided into C19 and C20 two kinds of gibberellin. The structures of GA1 to 11, GA16, GA20 to 22, GA26, GA29 to 35 and the like contain 19 carbon atoms and are called C19 gibberellin. GA12 ~ 15, GA17 ~ 19, GA23 ~ 25, GA27 ~ 28, GA36 ~ 38, etc. belong to C20 gibberellin. Because gibberellins contain carboxyl, it is acidic. Endogenous gibberellins exist in free and bound forms. Sometimes the increase of GA content in plant tissues is due to the conversion of bound to free. Gibberellins are most stable in solutions of pH 3-4, and too high or too low pH will make gibberellins become non-physiologically active pseudo-gibberellins or gibberellic acids. The precursor of gibberellin is kauriene, and certain growth retardants such as Amo-1618 and chlormequat can hinder the formation of kauriene, and Fosi-D can inhibit the conversion of kauriene to gibberellins. Formation sites and distribution: the formation sites of GA in plants are usually young tissues such as young leaves, buds, young roots and immature seeds. It has been found that different Gibberellins are present in different organs of various plants. Figure 2 is the chemical structure of several important GA For example, there are GA1 and GA9 in the young fruits of lemon and citrus, and GA32 was isolated from the young fruits of peach and almond, there are GA1 in the branches of Wenzhou citrus, GA3, GA4, GA7 in the young fruit of the wild apple, and GA19 in the bamboo shoots. There are many kinds of gibberellins in Leguminosae, spinosae and Cucurbitaceae. The content of GA in immature seeds is more than that in vegetative organs. |
| mode of action and mechanism | gibberellin is a broad-spectrum plant growth regulator, there are natural endogenous gibberellins in plants, which is one of the important hormones to promote plant growth and development. It mainly promotes cell elongation and almost does not affect cell division, there are mainly four kinds of elongation, a 3 is the strongest, a 1, a 4 times, a 2 is the weakest. Exogenous gibberellins into plants, with endogenous gibberellins the same physiological function. Gibberellins enter the plant mainly through leaves, shoots, flowers, seeds or fruits, and then conduct to active growth sites for action. Promote cell, stem elongation, leaf expansion, parthenocarpy, fruit growth, break the seed body sleep, change the male and female flower ratio, affect the flowering time, reduce the flower, fruit shedding. It is an antagonist of growth inhibitors such as paclobutrazol and chlormequat. |
| application field | 1. Improving the yield of three-line hybrid rice seed production: This is a major innovation in hybrid rice seed production in recent years, is an important technical measure. Such as Jiangsu Jianhu County Breeding Field, seed field 100,000 mu, is the National Hybrid Rice seed production base, the use of gibberellin yield increased significantly. Gibberellin adjusted flowering, reduced neck, promoted parental heading, increased stigma exposure rate, increased effective panicle number and grain number, increased seed setting rate, and significantly increased yield. In general, the leaves of the female parent were cut at the time of heading, and gibberellin was sprayed immediately after cutting, which was sprayed 3 times in 4 consecutive days, each mu of gibberellin dosage of 4% 15-25 grams, each 20kg of water spraying with low concentration, then with a higher concentration. In addition, it is used for seed dressing, dipping and spraying on rice planting. 2. Promote seed germination. Gibberellin can effectively break the dormancy of seeds and tubers and promote germination. Treatment of potato with 0.5~1 mg/kg gibberellin solution can break dormancy and is suitable for the second-season cultivation of potato. Some seeds that need low temperature to germinate (such as peach, hazelnut) or seeds that need red light irradiation to germinate (such as some lettuce varieties) can be treated with gibberellin instead of low temperature or light conditions, promote germination. Gibberellins are now used in the brewing industry. Treatment of malted barley with gibberellin can promote the activity of α-amylase. This can save food, beer production has increased. 3. Accelerated growth and increased yield. Gibberellic acid GA3 can effectively promote stem growth and increase leaf area, thereby increasing yield. For example, spraying 200ppm GA3 on sugarcane can promote the elongation of sugarcane stalk and increase the yield of sucrose. Spinach, celery, vegetables and other vegetables by 20 ~ 40ppm GA3 spray can make the increase of vegetable leaves, vegetable stem fat and tender. 4. Promote flowering. Gibberellic acid GA3 can replace the low temperature or light conditions required for flowering. For example, for plants that need to be induced by low temperature, such as camellia, rhododendron, Violet, Pansy, etc., after treatment with 100ppm GA3, it can flower under non-induced conditions. For most long-day ornamental plants, such as Geranium, cyclamen, dianthus, chrysanthemum, with 10 ~ 100ppm GA3 spray, can replace the required long day conditions, promote flowering. 5. Increase fruit yield. Grape, apple, pear, jujube and so on in the young fruit period with 10 ~ 30ppm GA3 spray, can improve the rate of fruit set. |
| physiological effects | GA3 has strong physiological activity and the most studied is GA3, which can significantly promote the growth of plant stems, leaf growth, especially on the genetic and physiological type of dwarf plants have a significant growth promoting effect. GA3 can replace some of the light and low temperature conditions required for seed germination, thus promoting germination. Can make the long day plants in a short day under the condition of flowering, shorten the life cycle. GA3 can induce the formation of flower buds of many plants in the family of Chinese Fir and plataceae, and GA4 7 has a certain effect on the induction of flowering of Pinaceae. GA3 has the effect of increasing the number of male flowers, inducing parthenocarpy, increasing fruit set rate, promoting fruit growth and delaying fruit senescence. Many physiological effects of Gibberellins are related to their ability to regulate nucleic acid and protein synthesis in plant tissues. Gibberellins not only activate various hydrolases in seeds, but also induce the synthesis of new enzymes. The most studied is the significant effect of GA3 on the formation of α-amylase in barley grains. |
| identification test | Several milligrams of sample should be dissolved in 2ml of sulfuric acid to produce a red solution with green fluorescence. |
| note | (1) pure gibberellin with low water solubility, 85% crystalline powder with a small amount of alcohol (or high strength liquor) before use dissolve and dilute to the desired concentration with water. (2) gibberellin is easy to decompose in case of alkali, and is not easy to decompose in a dry state, and its aqueous solution is easy to be destroyed and ineffective when the temperature is above 5 ℃. (3) for the crops such as cotton treated with gibberellin, the number of seeds increased, so it is not suitable to apply medicine in the field. (4) after storage, this product should be placed in low temperature, dry place, pay special attention to prevent high temperature. |
| content analysis | preparation of standard solution accurately weigh a certain amount of reference standard gibberellic acid (FCC), its amount is equivalent to pure gibberellic acid about 25mg, put in a 50ml volumetric flask, dissolved in methanol and mixed after the volume. Take 10.0ml of this solution, put the second 50ml volumetric flask, then use methanol to volume and mix well. Preparation of sample solution accurately weigh about 40mg of sample, put one person in 50ml volumetric flask, dissolve with methanol and mix well. Take 10.0ml of this solution and put it into a 100ml volumetric flask, then make the volume with methanol and mix well. The sample solution (5.0ml) was placed in a 25mm × 5.0 test tube with a plug, and the standard solution (4.0ml and ml) was separately placed in the same test tube. Each tube was evaporated to dryness in a boiling water bath and dried in an oven at 90 °c for 10min. The plug was removed and cooled to room temperature. 80% of diluted sulfuric acid was each added to dissolve the residue, and 10RNIN was heated in a boiling water bath and then cooled in a water bath at 10 °c for 5min. Each solution was filled in a 1cm absorption cell, and the absorbance of these solutions at a wavelength of 535nm was measured with an appropriate spectrophotometer, using dilute sulfuric acid as a blank. The absorbance of the sample solution is recorded As Au, the absorbance measured by 4.0ml and 5.0ml of the standard solution is recorded, and the one close to the absorbance of the sample solution is Selected As As As; at the same time, record the volume V of the standard solution. The content x(mg) of gibberellic acid (C19H22O6) in the sample is obtained by the following formula: X = 500C ×(V/5)×(Au/ As) where C- concentration of standard solution, mg/ml. |
| toxicity | can be used safely in foods (FDA,§ 172.725,2000). LD50 6300mg/kg (rat, oral). normal use is non-toxic to humans and animals. Mouse acute oral LD50>25000mg/kg. Rats inhaled no effect dose of 250 ~ 400mg/L. No teratogenic and mutagenic effects. Note: swallowing toxic, powder splash into the eyes to rinse with plenty of water. |
| usage limit | (FDA,§ 172.725,2000,mg/kg):(in malt); the residual amount of wort beverage was 0.5. |
| Use | high efficiency plant growth regulator. Can promote crop growth and development, early maturation, improve quality, improve yield; Can quickly break the seeds, tubers and bulbs and other organs dormancy, promote germination; Can reduce the bud, flower, Bell, fruit shedding, increase the rate of fruit setting or the formation of seedless fruit. Can be used for rice, wheat, cotton, fruit trees, vegetables and other crops, to promote their growth, germination, flowering, fruiting. For late heading late rice, the seed setting rate can be improved by spraying 7.5~15g/hm2 crystal powder on the spike of water 750kg at the flowering and grain filling stages. Wheat in the flowering and filling period, cotton in the flowering to young Boll period, with crystal powder 15g/hm2, 900kg of water spray on the wheat ear or cotton leaves, can promote wheat filling, timely maturation, to improve the yield; The cotton can reduce the fall of the bud and the Bell tax, the growth of fiber. Gibberellin whether spray, smear, seed dressing, dip Root, on different crops have increased crop, but should pay attention to the use of different periods or different methods of use, so that it plays a greater role in agricultural production. used as plant growth regulator, used in potato, tomato, rice, wheat, cotton, soybean, tobacco, fruit trees, etc, Promote its growth, germination, flowering and fruiting for potato, tomato, rice, wheat, cotton, soybean, tobacco, fruit trees and other crops, promote its growth, germination, flowering and fruiting could stimulate fruit growth, increase seed setting rate, and significantly increase yield of rice, cotton, vegetables, fruits and green manure plant growth hormone; it can enhance the body's metabolic function and immune function. Enzyme activator. It is used to activate and increase the content of α-amylase in malt in beer production. When used as a plant growth hormone, the maximum residual stock is: artichoke, Vaccinium bracteatum Berry, citrus fruit, hard-core fruit, grape, snake hemp, sugarcane, leafy vegetables, both were 0.15mg/kg(FDA,§ 180.1098,1994). gibberellin is a plant growth hormone, which can promote the growth of stems and leaves, Early bolting and flowering, promote the germination of seeds, tubers and root tubers, and stimulate the growth of fruits, increase the rate of fruit or the formation of seedless fruit, etc. Potato, tomato, rice, wheat, cotton, soybean, pea, tobacco, fruit and so on have increased production. But the application of too much gibberellin, plants will appear yellow and elongated branches, that is, the loss of green, growth phenomenon, but affect the yield. Gibberellins may also be used in the manufacture of malt from barley. It also promotes the development of insects. |
| production method | gibberellin can be mass produced by fermentation methods. Gibberellins were produced by gibberellins metabolized by gibberellas in wheat bran, sucrose and inorganic salts. The fermentation broth was extracted by solvent and concentrated to obtain nine crystals. prepared by submerged fermentation using Gibberella fuujikuroi. The fermentation broth of Fusarium was obtained by separation and purification. The main raw materials are starch, peanut cake, corn steep liquor, glucose and so on. Gibberellin was first cultured by slant strain (27 ℃,4-5D), and then by eggplant bottle strain (27 ℃,4-5D). The fermentation conditions in the seed tank were 27 degrees C, 72H. Fermenter synthesis process conditions for 27 ℃,160H, bio-synthesis after filtration and concentration of gibberellin product (concentrate). China's rural areas also use agricultural and by-products such as sweet potato, wheat, corn, rice or wheat and other culture strains (oxamers) for the preparation of gibberellins. An artificial synthesis of gibberellins has been performed by a research group at Harvard University, see J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1978,1010:8034. |
| category | pesticide |
| toxicity grade | low toxicity |
| Acute toxicity | oral-rat LD50: 6300 mg/kg; Oral-mouse LD50: 8500 mg/kg |
| storage and transportation characteristics | The warehouse is ventilated and dried at low temperature; It is stored and transported separately from food raw materials |
| extinguishing agent | dry powder, foam, sand |
