Limonene, D-Limonene, L-Limonene, DL-Limonene, Dipentene, Pine Oil, Citrus Terpene, Orange Terpene, 5989-27-5, 138-86-3, 555-08-8, 7705-14-8, 8022-90-0, 8050-32-6

Limonene, D-Limonene, L-Limonene, DL-Limonene, Dipentene, Pine Oil, Citrus Terpene, Orange Terpene, 5989-27-5, 138-86-3, 555-08-8, 7705-14-8, 8022-90-0, 8050-32-6

LIMONENE (DL-LIMONENE / D-LIMONENE)

PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

Limonene Structure (D-Limonene / R-(+)-Limonene):

              CH₃
               |
         H₂C = C — C — CH₂
               |   |
              CH₃  CH₂
                    |
                 CH₂
              /      \
             CH₂      CH
              \      /
               CH — CH₂

Structure Description:

• Cyclic monoterpene hydrocarbon.

• Contains one chiral center, existing as two enantiomers:

  • D-Limonene (R-(+)-Limonene): Orange/citrus odor (most common).

  • L-Limonene (S-(-)-Limonene): Pine-like, turpentine odor.

  • DL-Limonene (Dipentene): Racemic mixture (50:50) of D and L isomers.

• Unsaturated hydrocarbon (one double bond in ring).

• Found naturally in citrus peel oils (>90% of orange oil).

• Colorless, flammable liquid.

SECTION 1: CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND DESCRIPTION

SECTION 2: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

SECTION 3: LIMONENE ISOMERS COMPARISON

SECTION 4: MECHANISM OF ACTION

SECTION 5: PRODUCTION PROCESS

Natural Extraction Method:

Process Flow:
Citrus Peels → Cold Pressing / Steam Distillation → Crude Oil → Fractional Distillation → D-Limonene (≥95%)

Description:

• Citrus peels (oranges, lemons, grapefruits) are cold-pressed or steam-distilled.

• The crude essential oil is collected.

• Fractional distillation separates d-limonene from other terpenes and compounds.

• Yield: Orange peel oil contains ~90% d-limonene.

Isomerization Method:

Process Flow:
Turpentine Oil (α-Pinene) → Fractional Distillation → α-Pinene → Isomerization → Dipentene → Fractional Distillation → DL-Limonene

Description:

• Turpentine oil is fractionated to obtain α-pinene.

• α-Pinene is isomerized to produce a mixture (dipentene).

• Fractional distillation purifies DL-limonene.

• This is a by-product of camphene production.

By-Product Method:

• Obtained as a by-product during camphor oil processing and synthetic camphor production.

• Also produced by hydration of turpentine to terpineol.

SECTION 6: FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

SECTION 7: MAIN APPLICATION AREAS

SECTION 8: SAMPLE FORMULATIONS

All-Purpose Cleaner (Citrus Degreaser):

Instructions: Combine d-limonene with surfactants; Add water slowly with mixing; Adjust to desired concentration; Package in appropriate containers.

Metal Degreaser (Emulsion):

Instructions: Mix d-limonene with emulsifiers; Add water with high-shear mixing; Stable emulsion for industrial degreasing.

SECTION 9: QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS

SECTION 10: TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

SECTION 11: GHS CLASSIFICATION AND LABELING

GHS Classification (in accordance with CLP and UN GHS):

Signal Word: WARNING

Hazard Pictograms: GHS02 (Flame), GHS07 (Exclamation Mark), GHS09 (Environment)

Hazard Statements (H-Codes):

NFPA 704 Hazard Classification:

SECTION 12: PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS (P-CODES)

SECTION 13: FIRST AID MEASURES

SECTION 14: FIREFIGHTING MEASURES

SECTION 15: STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE

SECTION 16: PACKAGING OPTIONS

SECTION 17: TRANSPORT INFORMATION

SECTION 18: REGULATORY STATUS

SECTION 19: OTHER NAMES AND SYNONYMS

SECTION 20: SUMMARY TABLE

SECTION 21: CRITICAL WARNINGS AND BEST PRACTICES

CRITICAL WARNINGS:

• FLAMMABLE LIQUID (H226): Flammable liquid and vapor; Flash point 46°C (D); Keep away from sources of ignition.

• SKIN SENSITIZER (H317): May cause allergic skin reaction; Risk increases significantly with oxidized limonene.

• ASPIRATION HAZARD (H304): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways; DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.

• ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD (H400, H410): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects; AVOID RELEASE TO ENVIRONMENT.

• OXIDATION SENSITIVE: Oxidizes in air (forms peroxides and sensitizing compounds); Store under nitrogen; use stabilizers.

• SKIN IRRITANT (H315): Causes skin irritation; Use protective gloves.

• IARC Group 3: Not classifiable as carcinogenic to humans.

• NATURAL PRODUCT: Derived from citrus peels; Renewable resource.

• GRAS Status: FDA GRAS for food use (21 CFR 182.60; FEMA 2633).

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Cleaning Products: Use as solvent and degreaser; Dosage: 1-15%; Combine with surfactants; Effective for all-purpose cleaners, degreasers, and electronic cleaners.

• Flavors & Fragrances: Use as flavoring agent (citrus notes); Dosage: 31-2300 mg/kg (FEMA); For food and beverage formulations; Use food-grade material.

• Metalworking: Use as degreaser and parts cleaner; Dosage: 10-30%; Emulsify with surfactants for aqueous systems; Avoid prolonged skin contact.

• Paints & Coatings: Use as solvent and thinner; Effective for alkyd resins, enamels, and varnishes; Paint stripping and varnish removal.

• Handling: Use in well-ventilated areas; Avoid inhalation of vapors; Use explosion-proof equipment; Grounding and bonding required; Avoid static discharge.

• Personal Protective Equipment: MANDATORY: Chemical-resistant gloves (nitrile, butyl), safety goggles or face shield, protective clothing, vapor/gas respirator (for high concentrations), fire-retardant clothing.

• Hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly after handling; Do not eat, drink, or smoke while using; Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse; Use barrier creams for hand protection.

• Storage: Store in tightly closed containers; Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated area; Protect from light and heat; Inert gas (nitrogen) blanketing recommended; Keep away from sources of ignition; Opened containers must be resealed immediately; Shelf life: 12-24 months under proper conditions (with antioxidants).

• Spill Management: Eliminate all ignition sources; Use spark-proof equipment; Absorb with inert material (sand, vermiculite); Collect in suitable sealed container; Do not allow entry into drains or waterways; Dispose as hazardous waste.

• Disposal: Dispose of in accordance with local, regional, and national regulations; Hazardous waste (flammable, environmental hazard); Use authorized disposal facilities; Incineration with energy recovery possible.

DETECTION METHODS:

LIMONENE vs ALTERNATIVES COMPARISON:

LEGAL DISCLAIMER:
The information provided in this document is based on our current knowledge and experience and is presented in good faith. However, as all conditions of use are beyond our control, it does not constitute a binding specification or warranty. This Technical Data Sheet is for informational purposes only. Users are responsible for testing the suitability for their own applications and for complying with all local, regional, and national regulations. For complete safety, storage, use, handling, waste, and regulatory compliance information, please refer to the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier. Limonene is a flammable liquid and skin sensitizer; handle with appropriate precautions and avoid environmental release.