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Send EmailPolyaluminium Chloride, Aluminum Hydroxychloride, Aluminum Chlorohydrate, PAC 10, PAC 17, PAC30 Powder, 1327-41-9, 101707-17-9
POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE (PAC)
PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Product Name | Polyaluminium Chloride |
| Chemical Names (Turkish) | Polialüminyum Klorür, Polialüminyum Hidroksiklorür, Alüminyum Klorohidrat |
| Chemical Names (English) | Polyaluminium Chloride, Aluminum Hydroxychloride, Aluminum Chlorohydrate |
| CAS Numbers | 1327-41-9, 101707-17-9, 11097-68-0, 114442-10-3 |
| EC Number | 215-477-2 |
| Molecular Formula | [Al₂(OH)nCl₆₋ₙ]ₘ (variable, polymer structure) |
| Appearance | Yellow, grey, or white powder / Turbid liquid |
| pH (1% Solution) | 3.5 – 5.0 |
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC)
[Al₂(OH)nCl₆₋ₙ]ₘ
Structure: Polymeric inorganic coagulant consisting of aluminium ions with hydroxyl and chloride ligands; Variable polynuclear structure with high positive charge; The degree of polymerization and basicity (OH/Al ratio) determine its performance characteristics.
SECTION 1: CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND DESCRIPTION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Product Name | Polyaluminium Chloride |
| Chemical Names (Turkish) | Polialüminyum Klorür, Polialüminyum Hidroksiklorür, Alüminyum Klorohidrat |
| Chemical Names (English) | Polyaluminium Chloride, Aluminum Hydroxychloride, Aluminum Chlorohydrate |
| CAS Numbers | 1327-41-9 (general), 101707-17-9, 11097-68-0, 114442-10-3 |
| EC Number | 215-477-2 |
| Molecular Formula | [Al₂(OH)nCl₆₋ₙ]ₘ (variable) |
| Chemical Class | Inorganic polymer; Coagulant; Flocculant |
| Physical State (20°C) | Solid (powder) / Liquid (solution) |
| Odor | Odorless (slight chlorine-like in solution) |
| Color | Yellow, grey, or white (powder); Turbid liquid |
| Basicity (OH/Al Ratio) | 40 – 70% (grade dependent) |
SECTION 2: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
| Property | PAC30 Powder | PAC17 Liquid | PAC10 Liquid | Test Method / Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Form | Solid | Liquid | Liquid | Visual |
| Al₂O₃ Content | ~30% | ~17% | ~10% | Titrimetric |
| Aluminium Content (as Al) | ~15.9% | ~9.0% | ~5.3% | AAS / ICP |
| Basicity (OH/Al Ratio) | 40 – 70% | 40 – 70% | 40 – 70% | Titration |
| pH (1% Solution) | 3.5 – 5.0 | 3.5 – 5.0 | 3.5 – 5.0 | pH Meter |
| Density (20°C) | ~0.8 – 1.0 g/cm³ | ~1.30 – 1.35 g/cm³ | ~1.15 – 1.20 g/cm³ | ASTM D4052 |
| Appearance | Yellow/grey/white powder | Turbid liquid | Turbid liquid | Visual |
| Solubility | Easily soluble in water | Ready solution | Ready solution | General Method |
| Chloride Content | ~8 – 12% | ~4 – 8% | ~2 – 5% | Titrimetric |
| Water Insolubles | ≤ 0.5% | ≤ 0.1% | ≤ 0.1% | Gravimetric |
| Heavy Metals (as Pb) | ≤ 10 ppm | ≤ 10 ppm | ≤ 10 ppm | AAS / ICP |
| Arsenic (As) | ≤ 2 ppm | ≤ 2 ppm | ≤ 2 ppm | AAS / ICP |
| Iron (Fe) | ≤ 0.1% | ≤ 0.1% | ≤ 0.1% | AAS / ICP |
| Storage Stability | 12 – 24 months | 6 – 12 months | 6 – 12 months | – |
SECTION 3: PAC GRADES COMPARISON
| Property | PAC30 Powder | PAC17 Liquid | PAC10 Liquid |
|---|---|---|---|
| Al₂O₃ Content | ~30% | ~17% | ~10% |
| Preparation | Requires dissolution | Ready to use | Ready to use |
| Transport Volume | Low (concentrated) | High | Very high |
| Storage | Requires dry environment | Standard (protect from freezing) | Standard (protect from freezing) |
| Dosing Volume | Low | Medium | High |
| Sludge Production | Low | Medium | Medium |
| Economics | Suitable for large plants | Practical for small plants | Practical for small plants |
| Typical Application | Municipal water, large systems | Industrial, small to medium systems | Small systems, pools |
SECTION 4: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND REACTIVITY
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Chemical Character | Pre-hydrolyzed inorganic coagulant; High positive charge; Polymerized aluminium species; Strong adsorption capacity |
| Stability | Stable under normal conditions; Hydrolyzes in water; Degradation possible at extreme pH or high temperature |
| Reactivity | Reacts with negatively charged particles (coagulation); Hydrolyzes to form aluminium hydroxide flocs; Complexes with phosphates, organic matter, and heavy metals |
| Incompatible Materials | Strong bases (precipitation), strong oxidizing agents (reaction), organic solvents |
| Coagulation Mechanism | Charge neutralization, adsorption, bridging, and sweep flocculation |
| Optimal pH Range | 5.0 – 9.0 (wide pH tolerance) |
| Temperature Performance | Effective at low temperatures (down to 5°C) |
| Hydrolysis | Controlled hydrolysis in water to form polymeric aluminium species |
| Floc Formation | Rapid floc formation with large, dense flocs |
| Residual Aluminium | Lower residual aluminium compared to alum |
| Sludge Production | 30-50% less sludge compared to aluminium sulfate |
SECTION 5: MECHANISM OF ACTION
PAC interacts with colloidal and dissolved substances in water through a three-stage process:
| Stage | Mechanism | Result |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Coagulation | Neutralizes surface charges | Destabilizes particles |
| 2. Flocculation | Destabilized particles combine | Large flocs form |
| 3. Sedimentation | Flocs settle by gravity | Water clarifies |
Key Features:
-
High adsorption capacity
-
Wide pH tolerance (5-9)
-
Rapid floc formation
-
Low residual aluminium
-
30-50% less sludge than alum
-
Effective at low temperatures
PAC vs Alum (Aluminium Sulfate) Comparison:
| Property | PAC | Alum (Al₂(SO₄)₃) |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-hydrolyzed | Yes | No |
| pH Range | 5.0 – 9.0 | 6.0 – 7.5 |
| Sludge Production | 30-50% less | High |
| Low Temperature Performance | Good | Poor |
| Alkalinity Consumption | Lower | Higher |
| Floc Size | Larger | Smaller |
| Dosage Requirement | Lower | Higher |
| Residual Aluminium | Lower | Higher |
SECTION 6: APPLICATION AREAS AND TYPICAL DOSAGES
| Industry / Application | Typical Dosage | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Drinking Water Treatment | 5 – 50 mg/L | Turbidity, color, organic matter, microorganisms removal |
| Municipal Wastewater | 20 – 100 mg/L | Suspended solids, phosphorus removal |
| Industrial Wastewater | 50 – 200 mg/L | Organic/inorganic pollutant precipitation |
| Pool & Spa Water | 10 – 30 mg/L | Water clarity, microbial control |
| Paper & Pulp | 0.1 – 0.5% (to pulp) | Fiber bonding, strength improvement |
| Textile | 1 – 5 g/L | Fabric finishing, dye fixing |
| Oil & Refinery | Process-based | Oil-water separation, injection water treatment |
| Cement | Low dosage (special formulation) | Quick-setting additive |
| Cosmetics / Pharmaceuticals | 1 – 5% (CAS 11097-68-0) | Antiperspirant formulations |
| Sugar Refineries | 10 – 50 mg/L | Syrup clarification |
| Mining & Metallurgy | 50 – 300 mg/L | Flotation after settling |
| Food Industry | Process-based (certified grade) | Process water treatment |
SECTION 7: DETAILED SECTOR APPLICATIONS
7.1 Drinking Water Treatment
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Turbidity, color, organic matter, iron, manganese, arsenic, fluoride, and microorganism removal |
| Application Point | Rapid mixing tank (coagulation) – typically before chlorination |
| Typical Dosage | 5 – 50 mg/L (depending on raw water turbidity and TOC value) |
| Application Method | PAC30 powder is first prepared as 5-10% stock solution, then added via dosing pump. Liquid forms are used directly. |
| Advantages | Wide pH range effective (pH 5-9); Less sludge than aluminium sulfate; Good performance even at low temperatures |
| Precautions | Aluminium residue in effluent must comply with limits (generally <0.2 mg/L). Jar test is required. |
7.2 Municipal (Domestic) Wastewater Treatment
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP), COD, and BOD removal |
| Application Point | Before biological treatment (pre-sedimentation), during biological treatment (simultaneous precipitation), or after final sedimentation (tertiary treatment) |
| Typical Dosage | 20 – 100 mg/L (depending on phosphorus load) |
| Application Method | Direct injection into channel or mixing tank |
| Advantages | Can reduce phosphorus to <0.5 mg/L; Sludge volume 30-50% less than alum |
| Precautions | Overdosing may lower effluent pH and negatively affect microorganisms. |
7.3 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
a) Textile Wastewater
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Dye, dispersant, surfactant, and color removal |
| Dosage | 50 – 200 mg/L (depending on color and COD) |
| Note | Flocculation accelerates when used with anionic polymers. |
b) Food & Beverage Wastewater
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Oil-grease, protein, starch, and suspended solids removal |
| Dosage | 30 – 150 mg/L |
| Note | pH adjustment may be required (optimal pH 6-8). |
c) Metal & Mining Wastewater
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Heavy metal precipitation (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, etc.) and suspended solids removal |
| Dosage | 50 – 300 mg/L |
| Note | Effective even at high salinity. |
7.4 Pool and Spa Water
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Turbidity removal, algae and microorganism control, water clarity |
| Application Point | Before filtration (pump station or balance tank) |
| Typical Dosage | 10 – 30 mg/L (1-2 times per week) |
| Application Method | Liquid PAC added directly to pool or through skimmer |
| Advantages | Reduces chlorine demand; Binds phosphates to prevent algae growth |
| Precautions | Filter backwash should be performed after addition. |
7.5 Paper and Pulp Industry
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Resin (pitch) control; Fiber and filler retention improvement; White water clarification |
| Application Point | Pulp preparation, paper machine inlet, or white water circuit |
| Typical Dosage | 0.1 – 0.5% (based on pulp solids) |
| Form | PAC10 or PAC17 liquid preferred |
| Advantages | Satisfies cationic demand; Improves sizing efficiency |
7.6 Textile Industry
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Wrinkle-free finishing in finishing baths; Reactive dye fixation; Wastewater treatment |
| Application | Applied to fabric by impregnation or padding method |
| Typical Concentration | 1 – 5 g/L in finishing bath |
| Note | Optimal effect at pH 4-5. |
7.7 Oil and Refinery Industry
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Breaking oil-water emulsions; Suspended solids and oil removal from injection water; Refinery wastewater treatment |
| Application Point | Before API separator or settling tanks |
| Typical Dosage | 20 – 150 mg/L (depending on water characteristics) |
| Advantages | Resistant to high salinity and variable pH; Accelerates demulsification |
7.8 Cement Industry
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Quick-setting additive (hardening accelerator) |
| Application | Added during cement grinding or to mortar mix |
| Dosage | 0.05 – 0.2% of cement weight (very low) |
| Suitability | Partial compatibility – requires special formulation and testing |
7.9 Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Active ingredient in antiperspirant products |
| CAS Used | Specifically 11097-68-0 (Aluminium Chlorohydrate) |
| Typical Ratio | 1 – 5% (by weight) in formulation |
| Mechanism | Forms temporary plug in sweat glands to reduce sweat flow |
| Suitability | Partial compatibility – requires compliance with cosmetic regulations (EC 1223/2009, FDA) |
7.10 Sugar Refineries
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Clarification of raw syrup (removal of colloidal substances, color compounds, and proteins) |
| Application | Coagulation before carbonation or phosphatation |
| Dosage | 10 – 50 mg/L (depending on syrup type) |
| Note | Dosage must be precisely adjusted to prevent sugar loss. |
7.11 Mining and Metallurgy
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Clarification of wastewater after flotation, heavy metal precipitation |
| Dosage | 50 – 300 mg/L |
| Note | Effective in suspensions with high solid content. |
7.12 Food Industry
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Limited use – e.g., process water treatment in starch production |
| Suitability | Limited Use – Special certifications (FDA, Food Grade) required for food contact. Generally not used as direct food additive. |
| Dosage | Process-based, but food safety approval is mandatory. |
SECTION 8: USAGE INSTRUCTIONS
8.1 Preparation for PAC30 Powder
| Step | Description |
|---|---|
| 1. Water Selection | Clean water with near-neutral pH (pH 6-7) should be used |
| 2. Mixing | Low-speed mixing (avoid excessive mechanical energy) |
| 3. Stock Solution | 5-10% stock solution is prepared |
| 4. Standing Time | Solution should be freshly prepared; do not store for extended periods |
| 5. Application | Stock solution is fed into the system with dosing pumps |
8.2 Dosage Determination
Mandatory Step: Optimum dosage must be determined by JAR TEST.
-
Water turbidity, organic load, and pH directly affect dosage.
-
Start with 5-50 mg/L for drinking water; 20-200 mg/L for wastewater (depending on application).
8.3 Solution Preparation Notes:
-
Powder: Add PAC powder slowly to water with gentle stirring. Avoid vigorous mixing (may break polymeric structure).
-
Liquid: Ready to use; dilute with clean water if required for dosing accuracy.
-
Storage of Solutions: Prepare fresh daily; Do not store stock solutions for more than 24-48 hours.
SECTION 9: QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS
| Parameter | PAC30 Powder | PAC17 Liquid | PAC10 Liquid | Test Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al₂O₃ Content | ≥ 30.0% | ≥ 17.0% | ≥ 10.0% | Titrimetric |
| Aluminium Content | ~15.9% | ~9.0% | ~5.3% | AAS / ICP |
| Basicity (OH/Al) | 40 – 70% | 40 – 70% | 40 – 70% | Titration |
| pH (1% Solution) | 3.5 – 5.0 | 3.5 – 5.0 | 3.5 – 5.0 | pH Meter |
| Density (20°C) | – | 1.30 – 1.35 g/cm³ | 1.15 – 1.20 g/cm³ | ASTM D4052 |
| Water Insolubles | ≤ 0.5% | ≤ 0.1% | ≤ 0.1% | Gravimetric |
| Chloride Content | 8 – 12% | 4 – 8% | 2 – 5% | Titrimetric |
| Iron (Fe) | ≤ 0.1% | ≤ 0.1% | ≤ 0.1% | AAS / ICP |
| Heavy Metals (as Pb) | ≤ 10 ppm | ≤ 10 ppm | ≤ 10 ppm | AAS / ICP |
| Arsenic (As) | ≤ 2 ppm | ≤ 2 ppm | ≤ 2 ppm | AAS / ICP |
| Cadmium (Cd) | ≤ 1 ppm | ≤ 1 ppm | ≤ 1 ppm | AAS / ICP |
| Chromium (Cr) | ≤ 5 ppm | ≤ 5 ppm | ≤ 5 ppm | AAS / ICP |
| Mercury (Hg) | ≤ 0.1 ppm | ≤ 0.1 ppm | ≤ 0.1 ppm | AAS / ICP |
| Appearance | Yellow/grey/white powder | Turbid liquid | Turbid liquid | Visual |
SECTION 10: TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50, Rat) | > 2,000 mg/kg (moderate toxicity) |
| Acute Dermal Toxicity | May cause mild irritation |
| Acute Inhalation Toxicity | May cause respiratory tract irritation (dust) |
| Skin Irritation | Mild irritant |
| Eye Irritation | May cause irritation |
| Chronic Toxicity | Aluminium accumulation concerns with long-term high exposure; Effects on kidneys and nervous system |
| Carcinogenicity | Not classified as carcinogenic (IARC Group 3) |
| Mutagenicity | Not mutagenic |
| Reproductive Toxicity | No conclusive evidence |
| Target Organs | Eyes, skin, respiratory system, kidneys (long-term high exposure) |
| Occupational Exposure Limit (8h TWA) | Aluminium: 5 mg/m³ (respirable); 15 mg/m³ (total) |
| Special Toxicity Note | Aluminium-based coagulants may leave residual aluminium in treated water; Drinking water limits typically <0.2 mg/L; Overdosing may cause environmental aluminium toxicity |
SECTION 11: GHS CLASSIFICATION AND LABELING
GHS Classification (in accordance with CLP and UN GHS):
| Hazard Class | Category | H-Statement |
|---|---|---|
| Acute Toxicity (Oral) | Category 4 | H302 |
| Skin Irritation | Category 2 | H315 |
| Eye Irritation | Category 2 | H319 |
| Specific Target Organ Toxicity (Single Exposure) | Category 3 | H335 |
Signal Word: WARNING
Hazard Pictograms: GHS07 (Exclamation Mark)
Hazard Statements (H-Codes):
| Code | Statement |
|---|---|
| H302 | Harmful if swallowed |
| H315 | Causes skin irritation |
| H319 | Causes serious eye irritation |
| H335 | May cause respiratory irritation |
NFPA 704 Hazard Classification:
| Health | Flammability | Reactivity | Special |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 0 | 0 | - |
| (Moderate health hazard) | (Will not burn) | (Stable) | (None) |
SECTION 12: PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS (P-CODES)
| Code | Statement |
|---|---|
| P261 | Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray |
| P264 | Wash hands thoroughly after handling |
| P270 | Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product |
| P271 | Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area |
| P280 | Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection |
| P301+P312 | IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER/doctor if you feel unwell |
| P302+P352 | IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water |
| P304+P340 | IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing |
| P305+P351+P338 | IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and continue rinsing |
| P312 | Call a POISON CENTER/doctor if you feel unwell |
| P332+P313 | If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention |
| P337+P313 | If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention |
| P362+P364 | Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse |
| P403+P233 | Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed |
| P501 | Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations |
SECTION 13: FIRST AID MEASURES
| Exposure Route | Action to Take |
|---|---|
| Inhalation | Remove to fresh air immediately. If respiratory irritation develops, seek medical attention. |
| Skin Contact | Remove contaminated clothing. Wash with plenty of soap and water. If irritation persists, get medical attention. |
| Eye Contact | Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Keep eyelids open. Remove contact lenses if present. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. |
| Ingestion | Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Drink plenty of water. Seek immediate medical attention. |
| General | Harmful if swallowed; May cause irritation; Avoid inhalation of dust. |
SECTION 14: FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Fire Hazard | Non-combustible. Does not burn. |
| Hazards Arising from Fire | May release toxic fumes (aluminium oxides, hydrogen chloride) at high temperatures |
| Suitable Extinguishing Media | Water spray, CO₂, dry chemical powder, foam (for surrounding fire) |
| Unsuitable Extinguishing Media | None |
| Special Protective Equipment | Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), full protective clothing |
| Special Precautions | Prevent dust from entering sewers and waterways. |
SECTION 15: STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE
| Parameter | PAC30 Powder | PAC10 / PAC17 Liquid |
|---|---|---|
| Storage Conditions | Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area; PROTECT FROM MOISTURE and direct sunlight | Store in cool area (5-30°C); Protect from freezing; Store in plastic or stainless steel tanks |
| Container Requirements | Tightly closed, moisture-proof containers (plastic bags, fiber drums with PE liner) | Tightly closed plastic or stainless steel tanks; Protect from sunlight |
| Materials to Protect From | Moisture, high humidity | Freezing, direct sunlight, high temperatures |
| Shelf Life | 12 – 24 months (in unopened original packaging) | 6 – 12 months (in unopened original packaging) |
| Stability Note | Highly hygroscopic; Keep container tightly closed after opening | Solution may precipitate if stored for extended periods; Mix before use |
| Special Storage Requirements | Store in a dry, well-ventilated warehouse; Avoid exposure to rain and moisture; Opened packages must be resealed immediately | Store in plastic or stainless steel tanks (316L); Protect from direct sunlight; Protect from freezing; Avoid contamination |
SECTION 16: PACKAGING OPTIONS
| Packaging Type | Quantity | Material |
|---|---|---|
| Multi-layer Paper Bag (Powder) | 20 kg, 25 kg | PE-lined kraft paper bag (moisture-proof) |
| Plastic Bag (Powder) | 10 kg, 20 kg, 25 kg | PE bag (inner-lined, sealed, moisture-proof) |
| Fiber Drum (Powder) | 20 kg, 25 kg | PE-lined fiberboard drum |
| Plastic Drum (Liquid) | 25 kg, 50 kg, 200 kg | HDPE / Polypropylene |
| IBC Container (Liquid) | 1000 L, 1200 L | HDPE |
| FIBC / Big Bag (Powder) | 500 kg, 1000 kg | PE-lined, moisture-resistant PP woven bag |
| Bulk Tanker (Liquid) | 10,000 – 25,000 L | Stainless steel or lined carbon steel |
SECTION 17: TRANSPORT INFORMATION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| UN Number | Not regulated (non-hazardous) – powder form; UN 3264 (liquid, corrosive, n.o.s.) for liquid forms |
| Hazard Class | Not applicable (powder); Class 8 (liquid, corrosive) |
| Packing Group | III |
| ADR/RID | Not regulated (powder); Class 8, PG III, UN 3264 (liquid) |
| IMDG Code | Not regulated (powder); Class 8, PG III, UN 3264 (liquid) |
| IATA (Air) | Not regulated (powder); Class 8, PG III, UN 3264 (liquid) |
| Marine Pollutant | No |
| Transport Temperature | Ambient temperature; Protect from moisture (powder); Protect from freezing (liquid). |
SECTION 18: REGULATORY STATUS
| Region / Authority | Status |
|---|---|
| European Union | REACH registered; Water treatment chemical; Drinking water approved (EU Directive 98/83/EC); Food grade available (E number) |
| USA (TSCA) | Listed (TSCA Inventory) |
| USA (EPA) | Drinking water treatment approved (NSF/ANSI 60); Wastewater treatment approved |
| USA (FDA) | Food contact applications (21 CFR) – food grade; Cosmetic ingredient approved (antiperspirants) |
| Turkey | Industrial chemical; Subject to KKDIK regulation; Drinking water treatment approved; Food grade regulated by Ministry of Agriculture |
| IARC | Group 3 (Not classifiable as carcinogenic to humans) |
| NTP | Not listed |
| OSHA | Not regulated as toxic or carcinogenic substance |
| California (Prop 65) | Not listed |
| Drinking Water Standards | EU: Al <0.2 mg/L; USA: Al <0.05-0.2 mg/L (secondary standard) |
| Food Additive | E number may be used in food processing |
SECTION 19: OTHER NAMES AND SYNONYMS
| Type | Name |
|---|---|
| Turkish Names | Polialüminyum Klorür, Polialüminyum Hidroksiklorür, Alüminyum Klorohidrat, PAC |
| English Names | Polyaluminium Chloride, Aluminum Hydroxychloride, Aluminum Chlorohydrate, PAC, Polyaluminium Hydroxychloride |
| Chemical Names | Polyaluminium hydroxide chloride; Aluminium chlorohydrate; Basic aluminium chloride |
| CAS Numbers | 1327-41-9 (general); 101707-17-9; 11097-68-0; 114442-10-3 |
| EC Number | 215-477-2 |
| HS Code | 2827.32 |
| Synonyms | PAC30, PAC17, PAC10, ACH (Aluminium Chlorohydrate), Polyaluminium Chloride Solution, Aluminium Hydroxychloride |
SECTION 20: SUMMARY TABLE
| Parameter | PAC30 Powder | PAC17 Liquid | PAC10 Liquid |
|---|---|---|---|
| Product | Polyaluminium Chloride | Polyaluminium Chloride | Polyaluminium Chloride |
| CAS Number | 1327-41-9 | 1327-41-9 | 1327-41-9 |
| Al₂O₃ Content | ~30% | ~17% | ~10% |
| Appearance | Yellow/grey/white powder | Turbid liquid | Turbid liquid |
| pH (1% Solution) | 3.5 – 5.0 | 3.5 – 5.0 | 3.5 – 5.0 |
| Primary Function | Coagulant, flocculant | Coagulant, flocculant | Coagulant, flocculant |
| Main Application Areas | Drinking water, wastewater, industrial | Wastewater, industrial, pools | Pools, small systems, textile |
| Shelf Life | 12 – 24 months | 6 – 12 months | 6 – 12 months |
| GHS Signal Word | WARNING | WARNING | WARNING |
| UN Number | Not regulated | UN 3264 | UN 3264 |
| Special Properties | Wide pH range; Low sludge; High efficiency; Low residual aluminium | Ready to use; Easy dosing | Ready to use; Low concentration |
SECTION 21: CRITICAL WARNINGS AND BEST PRACTICES
CRITICAL WARNINGS:
-
Harmful if swallowed (H302). Avoid ingestion. Do not eat, drink, or smoke while using.
-
Causes skin irritation (H315) and serious eye irritation (H319). Wear protective gloves and eye protection.
-
May cause respiratory irritation (H335). Avoid inhalation of dust. Use in well-ventilated areas.
-
Wide pH range effective (5-9). Works well in various water conditions.
-
Pre-hydrolyzed coagulant – less alkalinity consumption than alum; 30-50% less sludge production.
-
Effective at low temperatures – good performance even at 5°C.
-
Dosage must be optimized by jar test. Overdosing can leave aluminium residue and cause environmental issues.
-
Powder is hygroscopic – absorbs moisture from air. Store in tightly closed, moisture-proof containers.
-
Solution stability – stock solutions should be freshly prepared; do not store for extended periods.
-
Drinking water applications – ensure product complies with local regulations (EU Al <0.2 mg/L; USA <0.05-0.2 mg/L).
-
Food industry – requires special certification (FDA, Food Grade) for food contact applications.
BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:
Drinking Water Treatment: Use as primary coagulant; Typical dosage 5-50 mg/L; Jar test required for optimization; Wide pH range (5-9) effective; Less sludge than alum; Effective at low temperatures; Ensure residual Al <0.2 mg/L.
Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Use for suspended solids and phosphorus removal; Dosage 20-100 mg/L; Can reduce phosphorus to <0.5 mg/L; 30-50% less sludge than alum; Apply before, during, or after biological treatment.
Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Use for organic/inorganic pollutant removal; Dosage 50-200 mg/L; Effective with anionic polymers for improved flocculation; Suitable for textile, food, metal, and mining wastewater; pH adjustment may be required (optimum 6-8).
Pool and Spa Water: Use for turbidity removal and algae control; Dosage 10-30 mg/L (1-2 times per week); Reduces chlorine demand; Binds phosphates to prevent algae; Filter backwash after addition.
Paper and Pulp: Use for resin (pitch) control; Improves fiber and filler retention; Dosage 0.1-0.5% of pulp solids; PAC10 or PAC17 liquid preferred; Improves sizing efficiency.
Textile Industry: Use for wrinkle-free finishing; Dye fixation; Dosage 1-5 g/L in finishing bath; Optimal at pH 4-5; Apply by impregnation or padding method.
Oil and Refinery: Use for emulsion breaking; Suspended solids and oil removal; Dosage 20-150 mg/L; Resistant to high salinity; Accelerates demulsification.
Handling: Use in well-ventilated areas; Avoid dust formation; Use dust masks (N95/FFP2) when handling powder; Use gloves and safety goggles.
Personal Protective Equipment: Dust mask (N95/FFP2 or higher), safety goggles, chemical-resistant gloves (nitrile, neoprene), protective clothing, safety shower and eyewash station nearby.
Hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly after handling; Do not eat, drink, or smoke while using; Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
Storage (Powder): Store in tightly closed, moisture-proof containers; Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area; Protect from direct sunlight, moisture, and high humidity; Opened packages should be resealed immediately.
Storage (Liquid): Store in plastic or stainless steel tanks; Protect from direct sunlight; Protect from freezing (5-30°C); Mix before use if precipitation occurs.
Spill Management (Powder): Sweep or vacuum (HEPA) and place in suitable sealed container; Avoid dust formation; Do not allow entry into drains or waterways.
Spill Management (Liquid): Contain spill with inert absorbent material; Prevent from entering drains or waterways; Collect and place in suitable sealed container; Neutralize with sodium bicarbonate or lime (if safe).
Disposal: Dispose of in accordance with local, regional, and national regulations; Non-hazardous waste (powder); Liquid waste may be classified as corrosive; Consider neutralization before disposal.
JAR TEST PROCEDURE FOR DOSAGE OPTIMIZATION:
Step 1: Prepare PAC stock solution (1% or 10 g/L).
Step 2: Take water samples (1 L each) in 6 beakers.
Step 3: Add different dosages to each beaker (e.g., 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mg/L for drinking water; 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300 mg/L for wastewater).
Step 4: Rapid mix (200-400 rpm) for 1-3 minutes.
Step 5: Slow mix (20-40 rpm) for 10-20 minutes.
Step 6: Allow settling for 10-30 minutes.
Step 7: Observe floc formation, settling rate, and supernatant clarity.
Step 8: Select optimum dosage – largest flocs, fastest settling, clearest supernatant.
Step 9: Measure residual aluminium and pH to ensure compliance.
PAC VS ALUM (ALUMINIUM SULFATE) COMPARISON:
| Property | PAC | Alum (Al₂(SO₄)₃) |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-hydrolyzed | Yes | No |
| pH Range | 5.0 – 9.0 | 6.0 – 7.5 |
| Sludge Production | 30-50% less | High |
| Low Temperature Performance | Good | Poor |
| Alkalinity Consumption | Lower | Higher |
| Floc Size | Larger | Smaller |
| Dosage Requirement | Lower | Higher |
| Residual Aluminium | Lower | Higher |
| Dissolution | Requires dissolution (powder) | Requires dissolution |
| Transport | More concentrated | Less concentrated |
DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS:
| Region | Aluminium Limit (mg/L) | Standard |
|---|---|---|
| EU | 0.2 | Directive 98/83/EC |
| USA | 0.05 – 0.2 (secondary) | EPA Secondary Standards |
| WHO | 0.2 | WHO Guidelines |
| Turkey | 0.2 | Regulation on Drinking Water |
Note: PAC is approved for drinking water treatment in most countries. Ensure product complies with local regulations.
LEGAL DISCLAIMER:
The information provided in this document is based on our current knowledge and experience and is presented in good faith. However, as all conditions of use are beyond our control, it does not constitute a binding specification or warranty. This Technical Data Sheet is for informational purposes only. Users are responsible for testing the suitability for their own applications. For complete safety, storage, use, handling, waste, and regulatory compliance information, please refer to the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier. Specific applications require laboratory jar tests and field trials. For drinking water applications, ensure compliance with local regulations (Al <0.2 mg/L). For food contact applications, only certified food grade products should be used.
