Nicotine, BLACK LEAF 40, L-Nicotine, 54-11-5

Nicotine, BLACK LEAF 40, L-Nicotine, Nicotine, Pure Nicotine, Nicotine/Propylene Glycol Blend (1:9), Nicotine – 54-11-5

L-Nicotine

CAS: 54-11-5

Molecular Formula: C10H14N2

Names and Identifiers

Physico-chemical Properties

Risk and Safety

Nature

• colorless liquid, color darkened quickly in light and in air, accompanied by special odor. Melting Point -80 ℃, boiling point 246~247 ℃, vapor pressure (25 ℃)5.65, relative density (20 ℃)1.01, below 60 °c and above 210 °c can be miscible with water to form hydrates. Can be miscible with ether, ethanol, soluble in most organic solvents, and acid salt formation. There are different optical isomers, and the natural product is levorotatory, [alto -169..
• the dosage form has a single dose of 10% nicotine emulsifiable concentrate and 10% hypertonic nicotine water agent. The compound preparation has 27.5% oleic acid · Nicotine EC, 0. 84% Ma Qian, fumigant, 0.6%, 1.2% bitter, fumigant, 4% chlorine, fumigant emulsion, 1. 1% stemona Melia tabacum, 15% RH tabacum, 2.7% scopolamine tabacum suspension, 9% capsaicin-nicotine microemulsion, 0. 5% bitter-alkali water agent, 1. 1% bitter, fumigant, 10% pyrethrins, nicotine EC, 1.3% Horse Money, nicotine, etc.

Preparation Method

nicotine, a major alkaloid in tobacco, has been found in plants of the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae family, the main varieties being Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica.

1. tobacco-a dilute acid impregnation-alkali neutralization-water vapor distillation-oxalic acid treatment-alkalization.
2. a grinding of tobacco leaves (or by-product tobacco powder from a cigarette factory), a lime milk alkalization and a kerosene filtration.

Use

nicotine is a highly volatile plant-derived insecticide, which can control aphids on vegetables and fruit trees, scale insects, leaf flies, thrips, cabbage butterfly larvae, etc, can also be used for the control of rice planthopper and cotton, citrus on the red spider. Nicotine on insects mainly for fumigation, but also contact, stomach poison, inhibition of growth and development and a certain role in the egg.

Safety

• nicotine is a highly toxic species, with acute oral LD50 of 50~60mg/kg in rats and acute percutaneous LD50 of rabbits ≥ 50mg/kg; Moderate toxicity to fish and other aquatic organisms; highly toxic to Bombyx mori.
• nicotine is volatile, and the tobacco powder must be stored in a sealed manner, and the prepared liquid should be used immediately.

Pharmacological analysis

pharmacokinetics

when nicotine enters the body, it is transmitted through the blood and can pass through the blood-brain barrier, which on average takes only 7 seconds to reach the brain after inhalation. The half-life of nicotine in the human body is about 2 hours. The amount of nicotine obtained by the body through smoking is affected by many factors, including the quality of the smoke, whether it is inhaled, and whether a filter is used. Chewing-type, buccal-type and inhalation-type tobacco, etc. are highly efficient for nicotine to enter the body through such means as being contained between the lips and gums and directly inhaling through the nose. The liver is the main organ for the metabolism of nicotine, the catabolic enzyme is Cytochrome P450 (mainly CYP2A6,CYP2B6 can also act on nicotine), and the metabolic product is cotinine.

pharmacology

nicotine acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, especially receptors on the autonomic nerve ((α1)2(β4)3) and receptors on the central nerve ((α4)2(β2)) 3), the former is located in the accessory renal medulla and other positions, the latter is located in the central nervous system. At low concentrations, nicotine increases the activity of these receptors, and nicotine also has a small direct effect on other neurotransmitters. Inhibition at high concentrations.

on the central nervous system

nicotine binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, increases the amount of neurotransmitters, increases dopamine in the brain, produces a sense of well-being and relaxation, finally, there may be addiction due to smoking.
Smoke from tobacco combustion contains Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, which break down Monoamine neurotransmitters, dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin.
Nicotine positively regulates α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the cerebellum and brain stem through long-term exposure to nicotine from cigarette smoking.

peripheral nervous system

nicotine stimulates the sympathetic nerve, affects the accessory renal medulla by stimulating the visceral nerve, and releases epinephrine. The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine, which acts on the nicotinic acid acetylcholine receptor to release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood.

on accessory renal medulla

nicotine, when combined with the nicotinic receptors of the adrenal medulla, increases the amount of adrenaline in the blood. As a result, nicotine depolarizes the cells, calcium ions flow in through calcium ion channels, and calcium ions promote nerve cells to release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood in the form of endocytosis, and the epinephrine in the blood increases, causing the heart to beat faster, blood pressure to rise, breathing faster, just like in the case of high blood sugar. Cotinine, a by-product of nicotine metabolism, can remain in the blood for 48 hours and can be used as a substance to test whether a person smoked.

Physical and chemical properties

nicotine (nicotine), is an unpleasant, bitter, colorless and transparent oily liquid substance. Molecular formula C10H14N2, soluble in water, ethanol, chloroform, ether, oil, nicotine can penetrate into the skin. The nicotine in the free ground state has a Ignition point below the boiling point, and its gas burns up to 308K(35°C; 95 °F) at low vapor pressure in the air. For this reason, nicotine is mostly produced via the ignition of the smoke, however the inhaled portion is also sufficient to produce the desired effect. Nicotine is optically active and has two optical isomers. The viscosity is 2.7mPa · s at 25°C, 1.6mPa · s at 50°C, and the surface tension is 25.5 dynes/cm at 37.5°C, the surface tension at 36.0°C was 37.0 dynes/cm.

Hazard controversy

• nicotine, which has been closely linked to "death" and "cancer" for nearly a century, has received a lot of new attention, and many experts have affirmed its name. It is believed that the nicotine in cigarettes is not too harmful. The real carcinogens are tar and carbon monoxide.
• Zhang Yifang, vice president of the Chinese Association of Smoking and Health, said: "Although there is no definite claim in the scientific and technological community whether nicotine can cause cancer, nicotine can make people addicted to tobacco is certain, smoking will affect people's health is also true."
• Moreover, he also said that, in fact, whether the nicotine in cigarettes is carcinogenic or the harmful substances such as tar and carbon monoxide in cigarettes are carcinogenic is not important. When smokers smoke, there is no way to separate nicotine from harmful substances such as tar and carbon monoxide, and what is really addictive is nicotine. Who would smoke specifically for the absorption of tar and carbon monoxide? So, even if nicotine does not have a carcinogenic effect, but it is at least tar and carbon monoxide and other carcinogens, people because of smoking cancer, nicotine is absolutely can not get away.

Primary source

nicotine is not only present in tobacco leaves, but also in the fruits of a variety of Solanaceae plants, such as tomato, wolfberry and other plants contain nicotine, these vegetables and herbs are recognized as healthy foods that are beneficial to the human body. Because of this, World Health Organization (WHO) as early as the 20th century, 90's in the world to promote "nicotine replacement therapy" to quit smoking, replacing the past from the nicotine, help people to overcome the physical and psychological dependence on cigarettes, so that the success of smoking cessation more than doubled.

Harm of smoke

chronic poisoning

• nicotine contained in a cigarette can poison a mouse, and nicotine in 20 cigarettes can poison a cow. If a person at a time a large number of nicotine (50 to 70 mg, equivalent to 40~60 cigarettes of nicotine content) then there is a risk of death. If you inject the nicotine from a single cigarette or three cigarettes into a person's vein for 3 to 5 minutes, you will die. Tobacco is not only harmful to higher animals, lower animals are also harmful, and therefore is the main component of agricultural pesticides. So, "the poisonous snake does not bite the smoker." Because they smell the bitter smell of smoking, they avoid flying away. By the same token, passive smokers also have a feeling of discomfort for the smell of smoke.
• The Death of acute poisoning caused by smoking has already occurred in China. If there is more smoking, the patient will get drunk like a drunk person, vomiting yellow water in the mouth and die. For this reason, the president of Chongzhen ordered a ban on smoking. It has also been reported in foreign countries that a young man in the Soviet Union smoked for the first time and died after smoking a big cigarette. A 40-year-old healthy man in the UK who smoked for a long time was engaged in a very important job. He smoked 14 cigar and 40 cigarettes a night and felt uncomfortable in the morning. He died after being rescued by a doctor. France held a smoking competition in a club, the winner after he smoked 60 cigarettes, before the time to receive the prize is dead, other participants are in danger of life, to the hospital.
• There are a lot of people who smoke more than one pack of cigarettes (20 cigarettes) per day. Some people smoke a lot but are not poisoned, and the nicotine content is much higher than the lethal dose, but the death of acute poisoning is very few, the reason is that part of the nicotine in tobacco is neutralized by the poison formaldehyde in the smoke, and most of them are not continuous smoking, these nicotine is intermittent slow into the human body. In addition, 50% of the nicotine after the paper smoke is ignited with the smoke diffusing into the air, 5% with the cigarette ends are discarded, 25% are destroyed by combustion, and only 20% are absorbed by the body. And nicotine in the body is quickly detoxified with the urine. Coupled with long-term smokers, the body of nicotine tolerance, addiction, and make people smoke as life.
• in 1492 Columbus discovered the new world, but also found that the local Indians smoke, this is the first direct discovery of human smoking. It can be seen that the history of human smoking is about 500 years ago. When Columbus arrived at the coast of the West Indies, he saw the local Indians roll dry tobacco leaves into a tube to light up, giving off smoke and emitting a pungent taste.
• By the mid -16th century, tobacco was rapidly spread to other parts of the world. To the Early 17th century, tobacco has been introduced to Germany, Russia, Turkey, the Philippines, Japan and other places. It was only in the middle of the 19th century that cigarettes appeared during the Crimean War. The cigarette making machine was introduced in the UK in 1887, and the cigarette production developed rapidly.
• Ancient Chinese people did not smoke. Tobacco was introduced into China about the end of the 16th century, the Ming Dynasty in Wanli years (1573~1620), the earliest translation is called "light and dry", about in the late Ming Dynasty to change the name of tobacco. According to the research of the historical scientists, tobacco is introduced into China through three routes, one is from the Philippines to China, Taiwan, Fujian, and then to northern areas; The other is from Nanyang to Guangdong; the third article is from Japan through Korea into eastern Liaoning. It is generally believed that the earliest introduction into China was from the Philippines to Taiwan and Fujian provinces.
• By the end of the Ming Dynasty, smoking was prevalent. The wind was more severe in the Qing Dynasty. From then on, the guests came to smoke first, then tea, has become a common world. Ming and Qing Medicine scientists have observed the toxic side effects of tobacco on the human body. As recorded in the "Yunnan herbal medicine", tobacco "is annoying, unconscious,..."; The "herbal Hui" recorded that "there are occasional food, its gas is closed, stuffy, such as death, non-good things are known". Zhang Jingyue, a traditional Chinese medicine, once said: "Smoke can dissipate evil, also will consume gas," come to "smoke is also harmful".

interfere with chemotherapy

• In April 2013, US researchers released the results of a study showing that nicotine can prevent chemotherapy drugs such as paclitaxel from killing lung cancer cells, the findings may help explain why lung cancer patients who smoke are difficult to treat.
• in a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. Researchers said the results showed that compared with patients who quit smoking before receiving treatment, the survival rate for patients who did not quit smoking was much worse, which is consistent with the results of clinical studies. These findings may also suggest that treatment of cancer patients who have quit smoking but use nicotine supplements such as nicotine patches and nicotine Chewings may not be as effective as they would be.
• scientists used gemcitabine (Gemzar), cisplatin and paclitaxel (Taxol), three common cancer drugs, to test several different cells extracted from lung cancer tumors. The study found that adding a small amount of nicotine, that is, the amount of nicotine that can be found in the blood of an ordinary smoker, will interfere with the effect of these drugs on lung tumor cells. Nicotine enhances the activity of both proteins, thus protecting cancer cells. These two proteins have the effect of inhibiting apoptosis. They say that the drugs only work when the two genes are suppressed.

harmful ingredients

• the smoke produced by cigarette combustion contains at least 2000 kinds of harmful components, such as benzopyrene, benzo [anthracene], nitrosamine, polonium 210, cadmium, arsenic, Β-naphthylamine and the like have carcinogenic effects, and the cancer-promoting substances in cigarette smoke include cyanide, O-cresol, phenol and the like. When smoking, cigarette smoke is mostly inhaled into the lungs, and a small portion enters the digestive tract with saliva. Part of the harmful substances in the smoke stay in the lungs, part of the blood circulation, flow to the body. Under the synergistic effect of carcinogens and cancer promoters, normal cells are damaged, and cancer can be formed.
• harmful components in cigarette smoke include carbon monoxide, nicotine and other alkaloids, amines, nitriles, alcohols, phenols, alkanes, alkenes, carbonyl compounds, nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds, heavy metal elements.
• they have a variety of biological effects, including:

1. produces inflammatory stimuli to the mucosa of the respiratory tract: such as aldehydes, nitrogen oxides, alkenes.
2. toxic effects on cells: such as nitriles, amines, heavy metal elements.
3. has an addictive effect: alkaloids such as nicotine.
4. has carcinogenic effects on human body: such as benzopyrene of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, cadmium, dimethylnitrosamine, β-naphthylamine, etc.
5. has a cancer-promoting effect on the human body: such as phenolic compounds.
6. the red blood cells lose oxygen-bearing capacity: such as carbon monoxide.

• the content of harmful substances in tobacco is usually evaluated by "tobacco tar and carbon monoxide", which requires that each cigarette produce less than 15 mg of tobacco tar, and the measured tobacco on the market is more than several times. According to the day of smoking 20, of which 1/4 inhaled in vivo calculation, smokers inhaled a day the amount of tar is about 120~200 mg. The combination of harmful substances in tobacco tar is a major threat to human cancer.
• a variety of carcinogens that make up cigarette tar, when the amount of inhalation reaches a certain level, is an initiator of cancer (initiator), a cancer promoter and a synergistic carcinogen can accelerate the carcinogenic effect.

cancer risk

• According to the results of a study published in May 1999 by Professor Liu Boqi of the Cancer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and others, tobacco caused 600,000 deaths in China in 1990 and will reach 800,000 by the year 2000, for example, according to the current smoking situation, about 3 million people will die from tobacco every year by the middle of the twenty-first century.
• in the 90 s, about one quarter of the total number of deaths in Beijing each year died of cerebrovascular disease, and another one quarter died of cancer. Among cancers, lung cancer accounts for one quarter of all cancer deaths. In China, about 70% ~ 80% of the causes of lung cancer are attributed to smoking, while about 30% of women are attributed to smoking and passive smoking. In smokers, the occurrence of laryngeal cancer, lip cancer, tongue cancer, esophageal cancer, bladder cancer and renal cancer is several times higher than that of non-smokers. If you smoke an average of 20 cigarettes a day, smokers who have smoked for 20 years have a 20-fold higher risk of lung cancer than non-smokers. Age less than 20 years of age that began to smoke, the number of deaths from lung cancer than non-smokers 28 times higher. According to American scientists, smokers than non-smokers to reduce the average life expectancy of about 20 years.
• According to the research conducted by the China Cancer Prevention and Control Research Office, in the early 90 s, the incidence of lung cancer in China increased from 7.09/100,000 in the Mortality Rate to 17.54/100,000 in the 90 s, it is one and a half times greater than in the mid 70 s. Lung cancer in Jiangsu province has increased 3.67 times Mortality Rate in the past 20 years. In the sample survey of 74 cities, lung cancer deaths accounted for the first of all cancer deaths. In 1975, about 30,000 Chinese men died of lung cancer. If the smoking rate in China does not drop, 900,000 men will die of lung cancer every year in 2025, which is 30 times as much as that in the 70 s. In the UK, for example, smoking has killed one third of middle-aged people over the years. Therefore, to discourage smoking, smoking is to prevent cancer, obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, coronary heart disease and other diseases, an important measure to prolong life.

Statistical data

In World Health Organization (WHO), the Western Pacific Regional Office convened the fourth "Tobacco or Health Work Conference", which pointed out that the annual number of deaths due to smoking in Western Pacific countries is almost equal to that due to alcohol abuse, the sum of homicides, Suicide, drug abuse, traffic accidents, industrial accidents and AIDS deaths. Smoking can damage the body's various tissues and organs, causing cancer, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, peptic ulcer, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and other diseases. An estimated 8000 people worldwide died every day as a result of smoking World Health Organization (WHO). Professor Richard Peto, of Oxford University's Cancer Institute, pointed out: "1/3 of regular smokers will die of this habit, half of whom will only live to middle age". In developed countries, smoking is associated with 85% of deaths from lung cancer, 75% of total deaths from bronchitis and emphysema, and 25% of total deaths from heart disease. According to statistics, the UK, on average, 1 in every 4 smokers died of lung cancer, middle-aged deaths in 1/3 died of lung cancer and heart disease caused by smoking. Studies have shown that one third of all cancer cases are associated with smoking. The level of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic compounds began to decline from the lung tissue after the third month of smoking cessation, and did not reach the level of a non-smoker until 5 years after smoking cessation.

alternative therapy

• nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is a non-tobacco form, a small dose of nicotine with good safety, replacing the nicotine in tobacco, which provides less nicotine than smoking, but enough to reduce the symptoms of abstinence, in the use of a period of time, the amount of nicotine intake of smokers gradually reduced to a minimum, and then overcome the habit of smoking, to achieve the purpose of smoking cessation success.
• in World Health Organization (WHO), the author attached great importance to the development and clinical application of nicotine replacement therapy, and recommended nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation to countries around the world, and it is recommended to be included in the national health insurance plan. On World No Tobacco Day World Health Organization (WHO), the director-general, Dr. brentland, fully affirmed nicotine replacement therapy: "Now we know that there are successful and effective treatments. "Nicotine replacement drugs such as nicotine buccal, nicotine patch, Nicotine nasal spray and nicotine inhaler and the non-nicotine drug Bupropion Hydrochloride can double the success rate of smoking cessation." In World Health Organization (WHO), the provisions for the cessation of employment of smoking employees World Health Organization (WHO) provided that smoking workers were encouraged to quit smoking. Mainly include the following measures: Psychological Counseling, purchase of smoking cessation drugs (nicotine replacement products) group therapy, etc. The purchase of smoking cessation medications (including nicotine replacement products) by prescription from a physician at a headquarters or regional office provides reimbursement of 80% of the cost. In World Health Organization (WHO), the director-general and senior adviser Professor jutiev malonsdi's 2006 reprint of the chapter "smoking cessation" in the tobacco landscape indicated that nicotine replacement therapy has been used in more than 60 countries around the world.
• nicotine replacement therapy began in World Health Organization (WHO) and has been approved and recommended by the U. S. Department of Health. In China, there is a lack of in-depth research on nicotine replacement therapy and its application is not extensive. Some departments and consumers do not think nicotine addiction is a disease, and there are still questions about the safety and effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy, as a result, the development of nicotine replacement therapy and its products in China is relatively slow.

withdrawal method

In general, people can achieve physical withdrawal if they are not exposed to nicotine for three months, but it may take longer to do psychological withdrawal.

1. after smoking, drink a lot of boiled water, promote the discharge of nicotine in vitro. Later, tell yourself not to smoke again.
2. Taking vitamins C and E can effectively inhibit the desire of nicotine dependent people to smoke, and even help them gradually quit smoking.
3. when smoking, you should immediately do deep breathing activities, or chewing gum without sugar, avoid replacing cigarettes with snacks, otherwise it will cause blood sugar to rise, body fat.

accine

In June 2012, scientists in the United States developed a new type of nicotine vaccine that can help smokers quit smoking while also preventing non-smokers from acquiring the habit. The vaccine allows the recipient to develop an immune response for life with a single injection.

 Introduction

• Nicotine, the common name Nicotine, is an alkaloid found in Solanaceae (Solanum), an important component of tobacco, and a representative of N-choline receptor agonists, it has effects on N1 and N2 receptors and the central nervous system, and has no clinical application value.
• nicotine can cause addiction or dependence (one of the most difficult drug addiction), and people often have difficulty restraining themselves. Repeated use of nicotine also increases heart rate and blood pressure and reduces appetite. High doses of nicotine can cause Vomit and Nausea of deaths, in severe cases. Tobacco usually contains nicotine, which makes it impossible for many smokers to quit.

Historical origin

• The name Nicotine comes from the scientific name Nicotiana tabacum of the plant tobacco, which is named after a French national in Portugal, Jean Nicot de Villemain.
• In 1560, the seeds of tobacco were sent back to Paris from Brazil and promoted for medical use. In 1828, nicotine was first isolated from tobacco by German chemists Posselt and Reimann. In 1843, Melsens proposed the chemical formula of nicotine. In 1893, the structure of nicotine was discovered by Adolf Pinner, and in 1904a. Pictet and Crepieux successfully used the synthetic method to obtain nicotine.

Supplementary Information

category pesticide
Toxic grade: highly toxic
Acute oral toxicity-rat LD50: 50 mg/kg; Oral-mouse LD50:3.34 mg/kg
Explosive hazard characteristics and explosive properties of air mixture
Flammability hazard characteristics: combustible flame; Reaction with oxidant; Decomposition of high heat to release toxic nitrogen oxide gas
Storage and Transportation characteristics the warehouse is ventilated and dried at low temperature; It is stored separately from oxidants, acids and food additives
Extinguishing agent dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide, sand, anti-soluble foam.
Occupational Standards TLV-TWA 0.5 mg/m; Tel 1.5 mg/m

Chemical properties

colorless to yellowish oily liquid. The boiling point is 246.7 ℃(99.1kPa), the relative density is 1.0097(20/4 ℃), the refractive index is 1.5282, and the flash point is 101 ℃. In less than 60 deg C and water can be miscible, easily soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and petroleum ether. There are pyridine odor and hot smell, easy to moisture absorption, in the air or light gradually become brown yellow. Can be volatilized with water vapor.

Uses and methods of synthesis

purpose

nicotine is a pyridine-type alkaloid that has been used as an insecticide in horticulture. Nicotine can be prepared by oxidation of nicotinic acid, used as medicine, food and feed additives.
Used in the production of electronic cigarettes, electronic cigarette oil, medicine, manufacturing food, nutrition and health products, flavors and fragrances, cosmetics, additives for animal feed, flavored cigarettes, manufacturing weight loss drugs, smoking cessation drugs and other chemicals, biochemical reagents, etc.

production method

nicotine is present in tobacco at an average of 4% and in plants in the form of citrate or malate. Industrial use of waste, with a simple steam distillation extraction.