We unleash your business potential by maximize the business innovation.
Send EmailPiperazine, Diazacyclohexane, Hexahydropyrazine, Diethylenediamine, 110-85-0
Product Name: Piperazine
Chemical Name: Piperazine
CAS No: 110-85-0
EC No (EINECS): 203-808-3
Chemical Formula: C₄H₁₀N₂
Molecular Weight: 86.14 g/mol
REACH Status: Registered
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name (IUPAC) | Piperazine |
| Other Names | Piperazine, 1,4-Diazacyclohexane, Hexahydropyrazine, Diethylenediamine |
| CAS Number | 110-85-0 |
| EC Number (EINECS) | 203-808-3 |
| Molecular Formula | C₄H₁₀N₂ |
| Molecular Weight | 86.14 g/mol |
| Chemical Class | Cyclic diamine, secondary amine |
| Appearance | White crystalline solid |
| Odor | Mild amine-like |
| Taste | Not determined as technical product |
| REACH Status | Registered |
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION:
Piperazine is a cyclic diamine containing two secondary amine (-NH-) groups in a six-membered ring structure. Its structure is also described as 1,4-diazacyclohexane. This structure gives piperazine strong basic character and high reactivity.
Structural Formula (Open Structure):
NH
/
CH₂ CH₂
| |
CH₂ CH₂
\ /
NH
(1,4-Diazacyclohexane)
These structural features:
Give piperazine two reactive secondary amine groups.
Make it a key building block in the synthesis of pharmaceutical active ingredients.
Allow its use as a crosslinker in polymer, resin, and epoxy systems.
Enable it to act as a corrosion inhibitor and chelating agent.
Piperazine is widely used in the pharmaceutical field for the production of antiparasitic drugs, in the chemical industry as a polymer intermediate, corrosion inhibitor, resin and epoxy hardener, and as an intermediate in various organic syntheses.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | C₄H₁₀N₂ |
| Molecular Weight | 86.14 g/mol |
| Appearance | White crystalline solid |
| Odor | Mild amine-like |
| Density (20 °C) | 1.06 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 104–108 °C |
| Boiling Point | 146 °C (under pressure) |
| Flash Point | ~65 °C (closed cup, typical) |
| Vapor Pressure | Low |
| Solubility | Completely miscible with water; soluble in alcohol and ether |
| Stability | Stable under recommended storage conditions |
| pH (aqueous solution) | Strongly basic (pH > 10) |
| Volatility | Low |
| Hygroscopicity | May absorb moisture; store in dry conditions |
Piperazine is a white crystalline solid. Its melting point is 104–108 °C, boiling point 146 °C (under pressure). Its density is 1.06 g/cm³ (20 °C), flash point ~65 °C. Its vapor pressure is low. It is completely miscible with water; soluble in alcohol and ether. It exhibits strong basic character.
| Solvent | Solubility | Conditions |
|---|---|---|
| Water | Completely miscible | 20 °C |
| Methanol | Soluble | - |
| Ethanol | Soluble | - |
| Isopropanol | Soluble | - |
| Acetone | Soluble | - |
| Ether | Soluble | - |
| Chloroform | Soluble | - |
| Hexane | Insoluble | - |
| Toluene | Limited / partially soluble | - |
| Glycols | Soluble | - |
Piperazine is readily soluble in polar solvents. It is completely miscible with water. It is insoluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Class | Cyclic diamine, secondary amine |
| Reactivity | Epoxy ring opening, amidation, urethane formation, chelation, alkylation |
| Basicity | Strongly basic |
| Hydrolytic Stability | High |
| Thermal Stability | Good |
| Oxidation Resistance | Moderate; tendency to yellow in air |
| Polymerization | Does not undergo hazardous spontaneous polymerization |
| Compatibility | Epoxy resins, acids, anhydrides, isocyanates, metal ions |
| Substances to Avoid | Strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, carbon dioxide |
| Hazardous Decomposition Products | Nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), ammonia |
Thanks to its two secondary amine groups, piperazine undergoes crosslinking reactions with epoxy resins. It forms salts with acids, amides with anhydrides, and urethanes with isocyanates. It forms chelate complexes with metal ions. Due to its strongly basic character, it undergoes neutralization reactions in acidic media.
| Parameter | Specification |
|---|---|
| Purity (GC) | ≥ 99.0% |
| Appearance | White crystalline solid |
| Color (Pt-Co) | ≤ 20 Hazen |
| Water Content | ≤ 0.5% |
| Acid Value | ≤ 0.1 mg KOH/g |
| Melting Range | 104–108 °C |
| Boiling Point | 146 °C (under pressure) |
| Flash Point | ≥ 65 °C |
| Heavy Metals | ≤ 10 ppm |
| Ash | ≤ 0.05% |
| Shelf Life | 24 months (under proper storage) |
Piperazine is produced in technical grade with high purity. In industrial applications, batch-to-batch consistency, color stability, and low impurity content are important.
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Antiparasitic Drugs | Used in the production of drugs for helminth treatment |
| Drug Intermediate | In the synthesis of various pharmaceutical active ingredients |
| Salt Forms | Piperazine salts (citrate, adipate) are used as drugs |
| Veterinary Drugs | In animal parasite treatments |
Piperazine is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of antiparasitic drugs.
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Polymer Intermediate | In polyamide, polyurethane, and epoxy production |
| Resin Hardener | Curing agent in epoxy resins |
| Corrosion Inhibitor | Protective film on metal surfaces |
| Chelating Agent | Binds metal ions |
| Organic Synthesis | Intermediate in various chemical reactions |
Piperazine is used in the chemical industry as a polymer intermediate, resin hardener, corrosion inhibitor, and intermediate in organic syntheses.
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Metal Protection | Prevents corrosion on iron and steel surfaces |
| Oil and Gas | Corrosion inhibitor in pipelines |
| Cooling Systems | Corrosion control |
| Automotive | Antifreeze and cooling fluids |
Piperazine prevents corrosion by forming a protective film on metal surfaces.
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Epoxy Hardener | Provides room temperature curing |
| Adhesives | High adhesion strength |
| Coatings | Chemical resistance and hardness |
| Composites | Mechanical strength and thermal stability |
Piperazine is used as a hardener for epoxy resins.
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Surfactants | Cationic surfactant synthesis |
| Ion Exchangers | Anion exchange resins |
| Textiles | Softener and dye auxiliary |
| Agriculture | Pesticide intermediate |
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Structural Class | Cyclic diamine, secondary amine |
| Functional Groups | Two secondary amines (-NH-) |
| Basicity | Strongly basic |
| Chelation | Strong metal binding |
| Epoxy Reactivity | High |
| Evaporation Profile | Low |
| Water Miscibility | Completely miscible |
| Polarity | High polarity |
The two secondary amine groups of piperazine give it high reactivity and versatile functionality.
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Epoxy Curing | Room temperature crosslinking |
| Amidation | Amide formation with acids |
| Urethane Formation | Reaction with isocyanates |
| Chelation | Metal ion binding |
| Neutralization | Salt formation in acidic media |
| Corrosion Inhibition | Protective film on metal surfaces |
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| GHS Classification | Acute Tox. 4 (H302), Skin Corr. 1B (H314), Eye Dam. 1 (H318), Skin Sens. 1 (H317) |
| Oral LD50 (Rat) | ~1900 mg/kg |
| Dermal LD50 (Rabbit) | > 2000 mg/kg |
| Skin Irritation | Causes severe skin burns (H314) |
| Eye Irritation | Causes serious eye damage (H318) |
| Respiratory Irritation | Vapor/dust inhalation may irritate the respiratory tract |
| Skin Sensitization | May cause an allergic skin reaction (H317) |
| Mutagenicity | Not classified |
| Carcinogenicity | Not classified |
| Bioaccumulation | Not likely |
| WGK Germany | 2 (hazardous to water) |
Piperazine is a corrosive and toxic chemical. It causes severe burns on contact with skin and eyes. It may cause allergic skin reactions. It may have harmful effects on aquatic life. Appropriate PPE must be used in industrial handling.
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| UN Number | UN 2579 |
| Hazard Class | 8 (Corrosive substances) |
| Packing Group | III |
| Proper Shipping Name | Piperazine |
| Marine Pollutant | No |
| ADR/RID Label | Class 8 |
| Transport Regulations | Must be transported in accordance with ADR/RID/IMDG/IATA rules |
Piperazine is classified as a corrosive solid. Transport must comply with ADR/RID/IMDG/IATA regulations.
| Region | Status |
|---|---|
| EU | REACH registered |
| USA (TSCA) | Listed |
| EINECS | 203-808-3 |
| Turkey (KKDİK) | Should be evaluated within compliance and registration requirements |
| Food Contact | Not suitable for technical grade |
| Hazardous Substance | Yes (corrosive, toxic) |
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Storage Conditions | Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area |
| Temperature | 15–25 °C |
| Container Requirements | Closed containers, away from moisture and heat sources |
| Moisture Control | Dry environment to prevent moisture absorption |
| Substances to Avoid | Strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, carbon dioxide |
| Shelf Life | 24 months (under proper storage) |
| Handling Notes | Avoid breathing dust; use PPE |
| Packaging Options | 25 kg bag, 200 kg drum, 1000 kg big bag; custom packaging upon request |
Handling Notes:
Avoid breathing dust.
Use appropriate personal protective equipment (gloves, goggles, mask).
Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Keep away from ignition sources.
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Fire Hazard | Combustible solid; dust cloud may be flammable/explosive |
| Flash Point | ~65 °C (closed cup, typical) |
| Extinguishing Media | Water spray, foam, CO₂, dry chemical powder |
| Special Hazards | Thermal decomposition may release NOx, CO, CO₂, and ammonia |
| Protective Equipment | Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), full protective clothing |
Piperazine is a combustible solid. In case of fire, appropriate extinguishing media should be used, and firefighting personnel should wear protective equipment.
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Personal Protection | Respirator, protective goggles, gloves, protective clothing |
| Ventilation | Ventilate the area |
| Containment | Contain the spill |
| Cleaning Methods | Carefully sweep or vacuum; place in suitable disposal container |
| Environmental Precautions | Prevent entry into drains, sewers, and water sources |
| Waste Disposal | Dispose of according to local regulations |
In case of a spill, clean up while preventing dust formation. Dispose of waste properly. Prevent environmental release.
| Exposure Route | Action |
|---|---|
| Inhalation | Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if symptoms persist |
| Skin Contact | Wash with plenty of water, remove contaminated clothing, seek medical attention |
| Eye Contact | Rinse with water for at least 15 minutes, seek immediate medical attention |
| Ingestion | Do not induce vomiting; seek immediate medical attention |
| Raw Material | Description |
|---|---|
| Ethanolamine | Precursor in piperazine synthesis |
| Ammonia | Used in amination reaction |
| Dichloroethane | Intermediate |
| Ethylene Oxide | Used in ring closure reaction |
| By-Product | Application |
|---|---|
| Piperazine Salts | Pharmaceutical active ingredients |
| Polyamide Resins | Fibers, plastics, adhesives |
| Epoxy Hardeners | Adhesives, coatings |
| Corrosion Inhibitors | Oil, gas, automotive |
| Chelating Agents | Water treatment, agriculture |
| Industry | Application Area | Example Use | Suitability |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmaceutical | Antiparasitic drugs | Helminth treatments | High |
| Chemical | Polymer intermediate | Polyamide, polyurethane | High |
| Corrosion | Inhibitor | Pipelines, cooling systems | High |
| Epoxy | Hardener | Adhesives, coatings | High |
| Water Treatment | Chelation | Heavy metal removal | Suitable |
| Textiles | Softener, dye auxiliary | Textile processing | Suitable |
Piperazine can undergo many chemical reactions due to its two secondary amine groups:
| Reaction | Description |
|---|---|
| Epoxy Ring Opening | Crosslinking with epoxy resins |
| Amidation | Amide formation with carboxylic acids |
| Urethane Formation | Polyurethane formation with isocyanates |
| Chelation | Complex formation with metal ions |
| Neutralization | Salt formation with acids |
| Alkylation | N-alkyl piperazine formation with alkyl halides |
Piperazine derivatives are widely used in pharmaceutical, polymer, epoxy, and corrosion protection applications.
| Compound | Description |
|---|---|
| Piperazine Citrate | Pharmaceutical salt; antiparasitic |
| Piperazine Adipate | Pharmaceutical salt; antiparasitic |
| N-Aminoethylpiperazine (AEP) | Epoxy hardener |
| Piperazine Derivatives | Pharmaceutical intermediates |
| Polyamide Resins | Piperazine-based polymers |
| Ethylenediamine (EDA) | Similar diamine; chemical intermediate |
SUMMARY:
Piperazine is a white crystalline solid with the formula C₄H₁₀N₂ and CAS number 110-85-0. It is a cyclic diamine containing two secondary amine groups. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical field for the production of antiparasitic drugs, in the chemical industry as a polymer intermediate, corrosion inhibitor, resin and epoxy hardener, and as an intermediate in various organic syntheses. It exhibits strong basic character. It is completely miscible with water. It is a corrosive and toxic chemical; it causes severe burns to skin and eyes. It may cause allergic skin reactions. It should be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area in tightly closed containers.
Key Properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Appearance | White crystalline solid |
| Chemical Formula | C₄H₁₀N₂ |
| Molecular Weight | 86.14 g/mol |
| CAS Number | 110-85-0 |
| Melting Point | 104–108 °C |
| Boiling Point | 146 °C (under pressure) |
| Density | 1.06 g/cm³ (20 °C) |
| Flash Point | ~65 °C (closed cup) |
| Solubility | Completely miscible with water |
| Chemical Class | Cyclic diamine, secondary amine |
| Primary Use | Pharmaceutical, polymer intermediate, corrosion inhibitor |
Main Applications:
| Industry | Applications |
|---|---|
| Pharmaceutical | Antiparasitic drugs, drug intermediates |
| Chemical | Polymer intermediate, resin hardener |
| Corrosion | Corrosion inhibitor |
| Epoxy | Hardener, adhesive, coating |
| Water Treatment | Chelation, heavy metal removal |
| Textiles | Softener, dye auxiliary |
Key Safety Points:
TOXIC: Acute Tox. 4 (H302) – harmful if swallowed
CORROSIVE: Skin Corr. 1B (H314) – causes severe skin burns and eye damage
EYE DAMAGE: Eye Dam. 1 (H318) – risk of serious eye damage
SKIN SENSITIZER: Skin Sens. 1 (H317) – allergic skin reaction
STORAGE: 15–25 °C, cool, dry, well-ventilated
PPE RECOMMENDED: Gloves, protective goggles, respirator, protective clothing
INCOMPATIBLE: Strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, carbon dioxide
CRITICAL WARNINGS:
Piperazine is a cyclic diamine containing two secondary amine groups. It shows high reactivity.
It is used in the pharmaceutical field for the production of antiparasitic drugs.
It acts as a crosslinker in polymer, resin, and epoxy systems.
It protects metal surfaces as a corrosion inhibitor.
It exhibits strong basic character; it undergoes neutralization reactions in acidic media.
It is a corrosive and toxic chemical; it causes severe burns to skin and eyes.
It may cause allergic skin reactions; it can cause skin sensitization.
Dust inhalation may irritate the respiratory tract; good ventilation should be provided.
It is a combustible solid; it should be kept away from ignition sources.
It should be stored in tightly closed containers to prevent moisture absorption.
Important Statement: This Technical Data Sheet (TDS) is for informational purposes only. The information provided is based on available data and is believed to be accurate. However, the user is solely responsible for determining the suitability of the product for their own specific applications and for complying with all applicable regulations and safety requirements. For complete safety, use, storage, and regulatory compliance information, always refer to the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier. Users are obligated to test the product in their own processes and applications. All local, national, and international regulations must be followed when working with Piperazine.