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Erythorbic Acid, D-Isomer Ascorbic Acid, Isoascorbic Acid, Erythorbate, D-Arabo Ascorbic Acid, 89-65-6

Erythorbic Acid, D-Isomer Ascorbic Acid, Isoascorbic Acid, Erythorbate, D-Arabo Ascorbic Acid, 89-65-6

ERYTHORBIC ACID 

1. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION

Parameter Information
Product Name Erythorbic Acid
Chemical Name D-Isoascorbic acid, D-Erythorbic acid
CAS Number 89-65-6
EINECS Number 201-766-0
Molecular Formula C₆H₈O₆
Molecular Weight 176.12 g/mol
Other Names D-Isomer Ascorbic Acid, Isoascorbic Acid, Erythorbate, D-Araboascorbic acid
Chemical Class Organic acid (lactone containing carbonyl group)
Appearance White or light yellow crystalline powder
Odor Characteristic, slightly acidic odor
Physical State (20°C) Solid (crystalline powder)

2. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

2.1. Molecular Structure

Erythorbic acid is a stereoisomer of L-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). Both molecules have the same chemical formula (C₆H₈O₆) but differ in the spatial arrangement of carbon atoms in the molecule. Erythorbic acid is the D-isomer of ascorbic acid and is therefore also called D-isoascorbic acid.

Structural Formula:

        O
        ||
        C
       / \
      C   C
     /     \
    C       C
     \     /
      C - C
      |   |
      OH  OH

SMILES: OC1C(O)C(O)C(=O)C1=O

InChI Key: CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

2.2. Functional Groups

Functional Group Location Properties
Lactone Ring (C=O) Within the molecule Acidic property; antioxidant activity
Hydroxyl Groups (-OH) Within the molecule Provides water solubility; hydrogen bonding
Carbonyl Group (C=O) Within the molecule Participates in redox reactions

2.3. Comparison with Ascorbic Acid

Property Erythorbic Acid Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
Chemical Name D-Isoascorbic Acid L-Ascorbic Acid
Molecular Formula C₆H₈O₆ C₆H₈O₆
Molecular Weight 176.12 g/mol 176.12 g/mol
Optical Activity D-isomer (dextrorotatory) L-isomer (levorotatory)
Antioxidant Activity ~95% of ascorbic acid Reference
Vitamin C Activity ~5% 100%
Taste More acidic Less acidic
Cost Lower Higher
Food Use Common (meat, beverages) Common (fruit, beverages)

3. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Property Value Description
Appearance White or light yellow crystalline powder -
Odor Characteristic, slightly acidic -
Molecular Weight 176.12 g/mol -
Melting Point ~164 °C (decomposes) -
Density ~1.65 g/cm³ -
pH (1% solution) 2.5 – 3.0 Acidic
Water Solubility (25°C) ~330 g/L High; readily soluble
Solubility in Ethanol Soluble -
Solubility in Acetone Slightly soluble -
Solubility in Ether Insoluble -
Oxidation Sensitive to oxygen and light Rapidly oxidizes in air and light
Optical Rotation [α]²⁰D +15° to +19° -
Ash Content ≤ 0.1% -
Heavy Metals (as Pb) ≤ 10 ppm -
Arsenic (As) ≤ 3 ppm -

4. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY

Parameter Information
Chemical Stability Stable under normal conditions
Conditions to Avoid Light, air (oxygen), moisture, high temperature
Incompatible Materials Strong oxidizing agents, heavy metals (Fe, Cu), alkaline solutions
Hazardous Decomposition Products Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
Hazardous Polymerization Will not occur
Oxidation Products Dehydroerythorbic acid, furan derivatives

5. MECHANISM OF ACTION

5.1. Antioxidant Activity

Erythorbic acid is a powerful antioxidant that prevents oxidation of foods by scavenging oxygen and free radicals. It acts as an electron donor in redox reactions.

Reaction Mechanism:

Erythorbic Acid (C₆H₈O₆) + [O] → Dehydroerythorbic Acid (C₆H₆O₆) + H₂O
      (Reduced)                         (Oxidized)

5.2. Antioxidant Mechanism

Stage Description
1. Oxygen Scavenging Erythorbic acid consumes free oxygen in the environment
2. Radical Neutralization Neutralizes free radicals (radical scavenger)
3. Metal Ion Chelation Chelates pro-oxidant metal ions such as Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺
4. Regeneration Oxidized form can be regenerated by other antioxidants (tocopherol)

6. APPLICATION AREAS (DETAILED)

6.1. Food Industry (Primary Application)

Application Function Details
Antioxidant Prevents oxidation Prevents loss of color, taste, and aroma in foods; similar to E300
Preservative Extends shelf life Delays spoilage of foods
Color Stabilizer Color preservation Fruit juices, wines, fruit preserves
Flavor Stabilizer Flavor preservation Prevents flavor deterioration in beverages
Meat and Fish Products Shelf life extender Sausages, salami, pastrami, smoked fish; reduces nitrosamine formation
Fruit Juices and Beverages Color and flavor stabilization Orange juice, apple juice, fruit drinks
Wine Production Oxidation prevention Preserves wine color and aroma
Fruit Preserves Color preservation Jams, marmalades, compotes
Frozen Foods Color preservation Frozen fruits and vegetables
Dairy Products Oxidation prevention Cheese, yogurt, and similar products

6.2. Pharmaceutical Industry

Application Function Details
Excipient Formulation component Tablets, capsules, liquid formulations
Antioxidant Excipient Stabilization Prevents oxidative degradation of drugs
Iron Absorption Enhancer Bioavailability Enhances absorption in iron-containing preparations
Injection Solutions Stabilization Parenteral formulations

6.3. Cosmetics and Personal Care

Application Function Details
Antioxidant Skin protection Protection against free radicals
Skin Lightener Reduces melanin synthesis Skin brightening products
Formulation Stabilizer Shelf life extension Creams, lotions, serum formulations

6.4. Animal Feed

Application Function Details
Antioxidant Additive Feed stabilization Prevents oxidative degradation of feeds
Vitamin Stabilizer Vitamin preservation Maintains vitamin activity

7. DOSAGE AND USAGE RECOMMENDATIONS

Application Recommended Dosage Description
Fruit Juice 100 – 500 ppm (mg/kg) -
Wine 50 – 200 mg/L -
Meat Products 500 – 1000 mg/kg -
Confectionery 200 – 1000 ppm -
Fatty Foods 50 – 200 ppm -
Pharmaceutical Formulations 0.1 – 1.0% -

8. ERYTHORBIC ACID vs ASCORBIC ACID COMPARISON

Property Erythorbic Acid Ascorbic Acid
CAS No 89-65-6 50-81-7
Molecular Formula C₆H₈O₆ C₆H₈O₆
Molecular Weight 176.12 g/mol 176.12 g/mol
Stereoisomer D-isomer L-isomer
Antioxidant Activity ~95% Reference
Vitamin C Activity ~5% 100%
Optical Rotation Dextrorotatory (+16° to +18°) Levorotatory (+20° to +22°)
Taste More acidic, bitter Less acidic
Price Less expensive More expensive
Food Use Common (meat, beverages) Common (fruit, beverages)
Pharmaceutical Use Limited Extensive

9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Parameter Information
Flash Point > 200 °C
Autoignition Not applicable (not flammable)
Explosive Properties Not explosive
Oxidizing Properties Not oxidizing
Fire Extinguishing Powder, foam, CO₂, water spray

10. TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

Parameter Value
Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50, Rat) > 5,000 mg/kg (low toxicity)
Acute Dermal Toxicity > 2,000 mg/kg
Skin Irritation Mild irritant
Eye Irritation Mild irritant
Inhalation Dust inhalation may cause irritation
Carcinogenicity Not classified as a carcinogen
Mutagenicity Not mutagenic
ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) 0 – 5 mg/kg body weight (JECFA)
FDA Status GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe)
E Number E315

11. GHS CLASSIFICATION

Hazard Class Category H-Statement
Eye Irritation Category 2 H319: Causes serious eye irritation

Signal Word: WARNING

Hazard Pictograms: GHS07 (Exclamation Mark)

Hazard Statements (H-Codes):

Code Statement
H319 Causes serious eye irritation

12. PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS (P-CODES)

Code Statement
P261 Avoid breathing dust
P264 Wash hands thoroughly after handling
P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection
P305+P351+P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present
P337+P313 If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention
P501 Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local regulations

13. FIRST AID MEASURES

Route of Exposure Action to Be Taken
Inhalation Move to fresh air. If symptoms persist, seek medical attention
Skin Contact Wash with plenty of soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing
Eye Contact Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Keep eyelids open. If irritation persists, seek medical attention
Ingestion Rinse mouth. Drink plenty of water. Do not induce vomiting. Seek medical attention

14. STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE

Parameter Information
Storage Conditions Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area
Light Protection Protect from direct sunlight; store in light-resistant packaging
Moisture Protection Keep away from moisture; use moisture-proof packaging
Oxygen Protection Minimize air contact; inert gas storage recommended
Packaging Store in original packaging; reseal tightly after opening
Shelf Life 2 years under proper storage conditions
Stability Note Light, oxygen, moisture, and high temperature accelerate activity loss

15. PACKAGING OPTIONS

Packaging Type Quantity Material
Kraft Bag 25 kg PE-lined kraft paper bag
Fiber Drum 25 kg, 50 kg PE-lined fiber drum
Plastic Drum 25 kg, 50 kg PE/HDPE drum
Aluminum Foil Bag 1 kg, 5 kg, 10 kg Aluminum foil laminated bag
Big-Bag 500 kg, 1000 kg PE-lined PP woven bag

16. TRANSPORT INFORMATION

Parameter Information
UN Number Not applicable (not dangerous goods)
Hazard Class Not applicable
Packing Group Not applicable
ADR/RID Not regulated
IMDG Not regulated
IATA Not regulated
Transport Temperature Ambient; protect from moisture, heat, and light

17. REGULATORY STATUS

Region / Authority Status
USA (FDA) GRAS; 21 CFR 182.3041
European Union (EFSA) Approved as a food additive (E315)
Turkey Approved as a food additive
JECFA Evaluated; ADI = 0-5 mg/kg
FDA 21 CFR 117 Compliant
EU 1333/2008 Compliant
Kosher/Halal Available (grade dependent)
IARC Not classified as a carcinogen

18. ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

Parameter Information
Aquatic Toxicity Low toxicity
Biodegradability Readily biodegradable
Bioaccumulation Not expected
Environmental Precautions Avoid large releases into water bodies

19. OTHER NAMES AND SYNONYMS

  • D-Isoascorbic Acid

  • Isoascorbic Acid

  • D-Araboascorbic acid

  • Erythorbate

  • 2,3-Didehydro-1,4-lactone

  • D-Ascorbic acid

  • E315 (Food additive code)

20. QUICK REFERENCE TABLE

Property Value
CAS Number 89-65-6
EINECS Number 201-766-0
Molecular Formula C₆H₈O₆
Molecular Weight 176.12 g/mol
Appearance White or light yellow crystalline powder
Melting Point ~164 °C
pH (1% solution) 2.5 – 3.0
Water Solubility ~330 g/L (25°C)
E Number E315
ADI 0-5 mg/kg (JECFA)
FDA Status GRAS
GHS Signal Word WARNING
UN Number Not applicable
Shelf Life 2 years (under proper storage)

21. CRITICAL NOTICES AND BEST PRACTICES

CRITICAL NOTICES:

  1. Light and Oxygen Sensitivity: Erythorbic acid is sensitive to light and oxygen. After opening, minimize air contact and store in light-resistant containers.

  2. Moisture Sensitivity: Caking and degradation may occur in humid environments. Store in moisture-proof packaging.

  3. Metal Ions: Iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) ions catalyze the oxidation of erythorbic acid. Avoid contact with metal containers.

  4. Dosage Attention: High dosages may cause undesirable taste deterioration and increased acidity. Dosage should be optimized for each product.

  5. High Temperature: High temperatures accelerate the degradation of erythorbic acid. Pay attention to processing and storage temperatures.

  6. Confusion with Ascorbic Acid: Erythorbic acid has the same molecular formula as ascorbic acid but is a different stereoisomer. It has low vitamin C activity; therefore, it should not be used as a vitamin supplement.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

Food Applications:

  • Check solubility before use

  • Dissolve in water or suitable solvent

  • Keep processing temperature as low as possible

  • Minimize oxygen presence (vacuum, inert gas)

Storage:

  • Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area

  • Protect from direct sunlight

  • Keep away from moisture; use moisture-proof packaging

  • Store in original packaging

  • Reseal opened packages tightly

Handling:

  • Use dust mask, protective goggles, and gloves

  • Avoid dust formation

  • Use in well-ventilated areas

  • Wash hands after handling

Testing:

  • Conduct trial runs before application

  • Determine optimal dosage

  • Monitor product quality and shelf life

LEGAL DISCLAIMER

This Technical Data Sheet (TDS) is for informational purposes only and is prepared based on available technical data. The user is solely responsible for determining the suitability of the product for their specific application and for complying with all local, national, and international regulations. For complete safety, storage, handling, transport, waste, and regulatory compliance information, the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier must be consulted. This document does not substitute professional advice. Dosage and application conditions should be optimized through product-specific trials.

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