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Send EmailÇinko Sülfat, Zinc Sulfate, Zinc Sulfate Monohydrate, Zinc Sulfate Hexahydrate, Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate, 7446-19-7, 13986-24-8, 7446-20-0
ZINC SULFATE HYDRATES
SECTION 1: PRODUCT IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION
| Parameter | Monohydrate | Hexahydrate | Heptahydrate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | ZnSO₄·H₂O | ZnSO₄·6H₂O | ZnSO₄·7H₂O |
| CAS Number | 7446-19-7 | 13986-24-8 | 7446-20-0 |
| EC Number (EINECS) | 231-793-3 | 231-793-3 | 231-793-3 |
| Molecular Weight | 179.47 g/mol | 269.56 g/mol | 287.56 g/mol |
| Zinc Content (%) | ~36.5% | ~24.3% | ~22.7% |
| Appearance | White crystalline powder | White crystals | White crystals |
| Odor | Odorless | Odorless | Odorless |
| Chemical Class | Inorganic salt; Zinc compound | Inorganic salt; Zinc compound | Inorganic salt; Zinc compound |
| Taste | Astringent (bitterish) | Astringent (bitterish) | Astringent (bitterish) |
| Historical Name | - | - | White Vitriol |
SECTION 2: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
Structure Description:
Zinc sulfate is an inorganic salt formed by zinc element (Zn²⁺) and sulfate anion (SO₄²⁻). In hydrated forms, specific numbers of water molecules (water of crystallization) surround the zinc ion.
Zn²⁺ · SO₄²⁻ · nH₂O
n = 1 (Monohydrate)
n = 6 (Hexahydrate)
n = 7 (Heptahydrate)
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Ionic Structure | Zn²⁺ (zinc cation) and SO₄²⁻ (sulfate anion) |
| Coordination Number | 6 water molecules around zinc ion (octahedral geometry) |
| Crystal System | Monoclinic (heptahydrate); Triclinic (monohydrate) |
| SMILES (Heptahydrate) | [Zn+2].[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].O.O.O.O.O.O.O |
| InChI Key (Heptahydrate) | DHRLAKIGICNYRM-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
SECTION 3: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
| Property | Monohydrate | Hexahydrate | Heptahydrate | Test Method / Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White crystalline powder | White crystals | White crystals | Visual |
| Melting Point | >238°C (loses water) | ~40°C (decomposes) | ~100°C (loses water) | DSC |
| Density (20°C) | ~1.95 g/cm³ | ~1.96 g/cm³ | ~1.97 g/cm³ | - |
| Water Solubility (20°C) | High (>500 g/L) | High | High (960 g/L) | General Method |
| Ethanol Solubility | Practically insoluble | Insoluble | Insoluble | General Method |
| Glycerol Solubility | - | - | Soluble (2.5 mL/g) | General Method |
| pH (5% Solution) | 4.0 – 6.0 | 4.0 – 6.0 | 4.0 – 6.0 | pH Meter |
| Aqueous Solution | Acidic (litmus) | Acidic (litmus) | Acidic (litmus) | - |
| Hygroscopicity | Low (stable in dry air) | Moderate | High (effloresces in dry air) | - |
| Water of Crystallization Loss | >238°C | - | 280°C (complete loss) | - |
| Thermal Decomposition | >500°C (decomposes) | - | >500°C (decomposes) | - |
| Flash Point | >150°C | >150°C | >150°C | - |
| Vapor Pressure | Very low | Very low | Very low | - |
| Crystal System | Triclinic | Monoclinic | Monoclinic / Orthorhombic | XRD |
| Refractive Index | ~1.52 | ~1.52 | ~1.52 | - |
SECTION 4: HYDRATE FORMS COMPARISON
| Property | Monohydrate | Hexahydrate | Heptahydrate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zinc Content | Highest (~36.5%) | Moderate (~24.3%) | Lowest (~22.7%) |
| Water of Crystallization | 1 mol | 6 mol | 7 mol |
| Weight Efficiency | Most Efficient | Moderate | Least Efficient |
| Hygroscopicity | Lowest (stable) | Moderate | High (effloresces) |
| Handling Ease | Powder, free-flowing | Crystal, free-flowing | Crystal, caking risk |
| Stability in Dry Air | Most Stable | Moderate | Unstable (effloresces) |
| Industrial Prevalence | Common | Less common | Most Common |
| Primary Applications | Food supplements, fertilizers, animal feed | Reagent, electroplating | Laboratory reagent, textile, leather |
| Cost per Unit Zinc | Lowest | Moderate | Highest |
| Storage Ease | Easiest | Moderate | Difficult (moisture control required) |
SECTION 5: SOLUBILITY AND STABILITY
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Water Solubility | All hydrate forms are highly soluble in water. Solutions show acidic character (pH ~4.5). |
| Organic Solvents | Insoluble in ethanol. Soluble in glycerol (especially heptahydrate). |
| Stability in Air | Monohydrate is stable in dry air. Heptahydrate effloresces (loses water) in dry air. |
| Heating Behavior | Heptahydrate loses part of its water of crystallization around 100°C; loses all water at 280°C. Monohydrate loses water at 238°C. All hydrate forms decompose at >500°C. |
| Incompatible Materials | Strong oxidizing agents, alkalis, carbonates, substances that precipitate with zinc |
| Solution Stability | Aqueous solutions are stable in air; zinc hydroxide precipitates in alkaline medium. |
SECTION 6: MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Industrial Production Method:
| Step | Description |
|---|---|
| 1. Raw Material Preparation | Zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc metal or zinc ore |
| 2. Dissolution | Zinc oxide or metal is reacted with dilute sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄): ZnO + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂O |
| 3. Purification | The solution is treated to remove impurities such as iron, copper, lead, cadmium |
| 4. Crystallization | The purified solution is crystallized to obtain the desired hydrate form |
| 5. Centrifugation | Crystals are separated |
| 6. Drying | Controlled drying is performed according to the desired hydrate form |
| 7. Sieving | Desired particle size is achieved |
| 8. Final Product | Packaged and prepared for shipment |
SECTION 7: FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Zinc Source | A highly bioavailable zinc source for plants, animals and humans. |
| Dietary Supplement | Used in oral or parenteral formulations to correct zinc deficiency. |
| Fertilizer Additive | Used in fertilizer formulations to correct zinc deficiency in soil. |
| Preservative Property | Used as a preservative and processing aid in textile and leather industries. |
| Electroplating | Used as a zinc source in galvanizing and electroplating baths. |
| Coagulant | Used as a coagulant in water treatment processes. |
| Catalyst | Serves as a catalyst in some chemical synthesis reactions. |
SECTION 8: MAIN APPLICATION AREAS
| Industry / Application | Use | Preferred Form |
|---|---|---|
| Nutrition & Supplements | Zinc deficiency correction; multivitamin/multimineral formulations | Monohydrate |
| Agriculture | Zinc source as fertilizer additive; soil and foliar applications | Monohydrate / Heptahydrate |
| Animal Feed | Mineral additive in animal feed; premix formulations | Monohydrate |
| Textile Industry | Printing, dyeing, finishing processes; color fixation | Heptahydrate |
| Leather Processing | Tanning, preservation, leather processing | Heptahydrate |
| Electroplating | Galvanizing, zinc plating baths | Hexahydrate / Heptahydrate |
| Chemical Industry | Production of zinc compounds; catalyst | Heptahydrate |
| Water Treatment | Coagulant, precipitation aid | Heptahydrate |
| Pharmaceutical Industry | Mouthwashes, toothpastes, topical preparations | Monohydrate |
| Cosmetics | Skin care products; anti-inflammatory properties | Monohydrate |
SECTION 9: PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND METABOLISM
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Biological Role | Zinc is a cofactor for over 300 enzymes in the human body. Plays critical roles in DNA synthesis, cell division, protein synthesis, wound healing, and immune function. |
| Absorption | Absorbed from the small intestine (jejunum). Absorption can be reduced by phytates, calcium, iron, and dietary fiber. |
| Transport | Transported in plasma bound to albumin and α2-macroglobulin. |
| Storage | Stored primarily in muscle, bone, liver, and skin. |
| Excretion | Primarily via feces; small amounts in urine and sweat. |
| Recommended Daily Intake | Adult male: 11 mg; Adult female: 8 mg; Pregnant: 11-12 mg; Lactating: 12-13 mg |
| Deficiency Symptoms | Growth retardation, immune deficiency, hair loss, skin lesions, night blindness, taste and smell disorders |
SECTION 10: QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS (USP/EP)
| Parameter | Monohydrate | Heptahydrate | Test Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White crystalline powder | White crystals | Visual |
| Assay (ZnSO₄, on dried basis) | ≥99.0% | ≥99.0% | Titrimetric / ICP |
| Zinc Content | 35.5 – 37.5% | 22.0 – 23.5% | Titrimetric / ICP |
| pH (5% Solution) | 4.0 – 6.0 | 4.0 – 6.0 | pH Meter |
| Loss on Drying | ≤2.0% | 42.0 – 45.0% | Gravimetric |
| Residue on Ignition | ≤0.1% | ≤0.1% | Gravimetric |
| Heavy Metals (Pb) | ≤10 ppm | ≤10 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Arsenic (As) | ≤3 ppm | ≤3 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Lead (Pb) | ≤3 ppm | ≤3 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Cadmium (Cd) | ≤1 ppm | ≤1 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Iron (Fe) | ≤5 ppm | ≤5 ppm | ICP-MS |
| Chloride (Cl) | ≤0.05% | ≤0.05% | Titrimetric |
| Sulfate (SO₄) | Conforms | Conforms | - |
| Microbiological Purity | TAMC ≤10² CFU/g | TAMC ≤10² CFU/g | USP <61> |
| E. coli | Negative | Negative | USP <62> |
| Salmonella spp. | Negative | Negative | USP <62> |
SECTION 11: TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE
| Parameter | Value / Description |
|---|---|
| GHS Classification | Danger |
| Signal Word | DANGER |
| Hazard Pictograms | GHS05 (Corrosive), GHS09 (Environment) |
| Hazard Statements (H-Codes) | H302 (Harmful if swallowed); H318 (Causes serious eye damage); H400 (Very toxic to aquatic life); H410 (Very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects) |
| Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50, Rat) | 2150 mg/kg (heptahydrate); 1891 mg/kg (monohydrate, mouse) |
| Acute Dermal Toxicity (LD50, Rabbit) | >2000 mg/kg |
| Skin Irritation | Mild to moderate irritant |
| Eye Irritation | Causes serious eye damage (H318) |
| Aquatic Toxicity (LC50, Fish) | 0.03-0.05 mg/L (96 hours) |
| Aquatic Toxicity (EC50, Daphnia magna) | 0.538-0.908 mg/L (48 hours) |
| NOAEL (Human, Oral) | 50 mg Zn²⁺/day |
| Overdose Symptoms | Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (at 2-8 mg/kg body weight) |
| Target Organs | Eyes, skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal system |
| Environmental Risk | Very toxic to aquatic organisms (H400/H410) |
| Tolerable Upper Limit | 40 mg/day (adult) |
SECTION 12: GHS CLASSIFICATION AND LABELING
GHS Classification (in accordance with 1272/2008/EC):
| Hazard Class | Category | H-Statement |
|---|---|---|
| Acute Toxicity (Oral) | Category 4 | H302 |
| Serious Eye Damage | Category 1 | H318 |
| Aquatic Acute Toxicity | Category 1 | H400 |
| Aquatic Chronic Toxicity | Category 1 | H410 |
Signal Word: DANGER
Hazard Pictograms: GHS05 (Corrosive), GHS09 (Environment)
NFPA 704 Hazard Classification:
| Health | Flammability | Reactivity | Special |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 0 | 0 | - |
| (Serious health hazard) | (Non-combustible) | (Stable) | (None) |
SECTION 13: PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS (P-CODES)
| Code | Statement |
|---|---|
| P264 | Wash hands thoroughly after handling |
| P270 | Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product |
| P273 | Avoid release to the environment |
| P280 | Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection |
| P301+P312 | IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER/doctor if you feel unwell |
| P305+P351+P338 | IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and continue rinsing |
| P310 | Immediately call a POISON CENTER/doctor |
| P391 | Collect spillage |
| P501 | Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations |
SECTION 14: FIRST AID MEASURES
| Route of Exposure | Action |
|---|---|
| Inhalation | If inhaled as powder, move to fresh air. Seek medical attention if respiratory symptoms persist. |
| Skin Contact | Remove contaminated clothing. Wash with plenty of soap and water. Seek medical attention if irritation develops. |
| Eye Contact | Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Keep eyelids open. Remove contact lenses if present. Seek immediate medical attention. |
| Ingestion | Rinse mouth with water. Do NOT induce vomiting. Drink 1-2 glasses of water. Seek medical attention. |
| Note | Symptomatic treatment is administered. No specific antidote available. |
SECTION 15: FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Fire Hazard | Not combustible. |
| Fire-Related Hazards | Thermal decomposition produces sulfur oxides (SOₓ) and zinc oxide fumes. |
| Suitable Extinguishing Media | Water mist, CO₂, dry chemical powder, foam. |
| Unsuitable Extinguishing Media | Water jet (may spread dust) |
| Special Protective Equipment | Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), full protective clothing. |
| Special Precautions | Prevent dust from entering sewers and water bodies. |
SECTION 16: STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Storage Conditions | Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area; protect from direct sunlight and moisture. |
| Temperature Limits | 15-25°C (ideal) |
| Humidity | Low humidity environment (especially for heptahydrate); Heptahydrate effloresces in dry air |
| Container Requirements | Tightly closed, moisture-resistant containers |
| Incompatible Materials | Store separately from oxidizing agents |
| Shelf Life | 24-36 months (under proper storage conditions) |
| Signs of Degradation | Caking, color change, efflorescence (heptahydrate) |
SECTION 17: PACKAGING OPTIONS
| Packaging Type | Quantity | Material |
|---|---|---|
| Plastic Woven Bag (PE Lined) | 25 kg | PP / PE liner |
| Fiber Drum (PE Lined) | 25 kg, 50 kg | Fiber / PE |
| HDPE Drum | 25 kg, 50 kg | HDPE |
| Multi-layer Paper Bag | 25 kg | Kraft paper |
| Aluminum Foil Bag | 1 kg, 5 kg | Aluminum / PE |
| IBC Container | 500 kg, 1000 kg | HDPE |
SECTION 18: TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| UN Number | UN 3077 (Environmentally Hazardous Substance, Solid, N.O.S.) |
| Hazard Class | Class 9 - Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods |
| Packing Group | III |
| ADR/RID | Class 9; UN 3077; Packing Group III |
| IMDG Code | Class 9; UN 3077; Marine pollutant: Yes |
| IATA (Air) | Class 9; UN 3077; Packing Group III |
| Transport Label | Class 9 / Environment |
| Marine Pollutant | Yes |
| Transport Temperature | Ambient temperature |
SECTION 19: REGULATORY STATUS
| Region / Authority | Status |
|---|---|
| USA (USP/NF) | Official monograph (Zinc Sulfate) |
| European Pharmacopoeia | Official monograph (Zinc Sulfate) |
| USA (FDA) | Approved as dietary supplement and drug ingredient; GRAS |
| USA (EPA) | Regulated as pesticide (fertilizer) |
| Turkey | Approved as food supplement, pharmaceutical, fertilizer and feed additive; Subject to KKDIK regulation |
| ECHA (REACH) | Registered substance |
| TSCA (USA) | Listed |
| OSHA | Regulated as hazardous substance |
| FDA (Food) | 21 CFR 182.8997 (GRAS) |
| FDA (Drug) | 21 CFR 201 (Rx/OTC) |
| California (Prop 65) | Not listed |
| Halal | Yes (synthetic, not animal-derived) |
| Kosher | Yes (with certification) |
| Vegan | Yes (synthetic) |
SECTION 20: OTHER NAMES AND SYNONYMS
| Type | Name |
|---|---|
| Turkish Names | Çinko Sülfat, Çinko Sülfat Monohidrat, Çinko Sülfat Heptahidrat, Beyaz Vitriol |
| English Names | Zinc Sulfate, Zinc Sulphate, White Vitriol, Zinc Vitriol |
| Monohydrate | Zinc Sulfate Monohydrate, Zinc Sulfate (1:1) |
| Hexahydrate | Zinc Sulfate Hexahydrate |
| Heptahydrate | Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate, White Vitriol, Zinc Vitriol |
| CAS Numbers | • Monohydrate: 7446-19-7 • Hexahydrate: 13986-24-8 • Heptahydrate: 7446-20-0 |
| EC Number | 231-793-3 |
| PubChem CID | 24424 (heptahydrate) |
| HS Code | 2833.29 |
SECTION 21: SUMMARY TABLE
| Property | Monohydrate | Hexahydrate | Heptahydrate |
|---|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | 7446-19-7 | 13986-24-8 | 7446-20-0 |
| Molecular Formula | ZnSO₄·H₂O | ZnSO₄·6H₂O | ZnSO₄·7H₂O |
| Molecular Weight | 179.47 g/mol | 269.56 g/mol | 287.56 g/mol |
| Zinc Content | ~36.5% | ~24.3% | ~22.7% |
| Melting Point | >238°C | ~40°C | ~100°C |
| Hygroscopicity | Low | Moderate | High |
| UN Number | 3077 | 3077 | 3077 |
| Hazard Class | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Packing Group | III | III | III |
| GHS Signal Word | DANGER | DANGER | DANGER |
| Main Applications | Food, feed, fertilizer | Reagent, electroplating | Laboratory, textile, leather |
| Shelf Life | 24-36 months | 24-36 months | 24-36 months |
SECTION 22: CRITICAL WARNINGS AND BEST PRACTICES
CRITICAL WARNINGS:
Eye Damage: Zinc Sulfate causes serious eye damage (H318). Avoid eye contact at all costs. Safety goggles are mandatory.
Environmental Toxicity: Very toxic to aquatic organisms (H400/H410). Avoid release to the environment.
Hygroscopicity (Heptahydrate): The heptahydrate form effloresces (loses water of crystallization) in dry air. Store in tightly closed containers in low humidity environments.
Correct Form Selection: Choose the correct hydrate form according to the application. Monohydrate for food supplements (high zinc content, stability), heptahydrate for textile/leather (common use).
Overdose: High zinc intake can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Adhere to recommended daily intake amounts.
Incompatible Materials: Keep away from oxidizing agents, alkalis, carbonates and substances that precipitate with zinc.
Pregnancy: Safe at recommended doses during pregnancy, but high doses should be avoided.
BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:
Form Selection: Use monohydrate for applications requiring high zinc content and stability; heptahydrate for laboratory and textile applications; hexahydrate for electroplating.
Storage: For heptahydrate, ensure low humidity environment; use tightly closed, moisture-resistant containers.
Handling: Avoid dust generation; work in well-ventilated areas; use protective equipment (gloves, goggles, mask).
Personal Protective Equipment: Chemical-resistant gloves (nitrile, neoprene), safety goggles or face shield, dust mask (N95/FFP2), protective clothing.
Hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly after handling; Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
Quality Control: Regularly perform assay (titrimetric/ICP), pH, loss on drying, heavy metals, microbiological purity tests.
Spill Cleanup: Avoid dust generation; use HEPA-filtered vacuum or wet cleaning; collect spillage in suitable sealed container; prevent entry into water and sewers.
Disposal: Dispose of in accordance with local, regional and national regulations; hazardous waste (environmental hazard); use authorized disposal facilities.
LEGAL DISCLAIMER:
The information provided in this document is based on our current knowledge and experience and is presented in good faith. However, as all conditions of use are beyond our control, it does not constitute a binding specification or guarantee. This Technical Data Sheet is for informational purposes only. Users are responsible for testing suitability for their own applications and for complying with all local, regional, and national regulations. For complete safety, storage, use, handling, waste, and regulatory compliance information, please refer to the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier.