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Finasteride, Finasteridum, 98319-26-7

Finasteride, Finasteridum, 98319-26-7

FINASTERIDE

SECTION 1: PRODUCT IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

Parameter Information
Product Name Finasteride
Chemical Name (IUPAC) N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-oxo-4-aza-5α-androst-1-ene-17β-carboxamide
Common Names Finasteride, Finasteridum, MK-906
CAS Number 98319-26-7
EC Number (EINECS) 620-534-3
Molecular Formula C₂₃H₃₆N₂O₂
Molecular Weight 372.55 g/mol
Chemical Class 5α-reductase inhibitor; steroid derivative; 4-azasteroid
Biopharmaceutical Class (BCS) Class II (low solubility, high permeability)

SECTION 2: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

                  O
                  ‖
                  C—NH—C(CH₃)₃
                 /
                /
               /
              /
    O         C
    ‖        / \
    C        C   \
   / \      /     \
  /   \    /       \
 /     \  /         \
C       C C          C
 \     /  \         /
  \   /    \       /
   \ /      \     /
    C        C   /
    |        |  /
    |        | /
    N        C
   / \      / \
  /   \    /   \
 /     \  /     \
C       C C       C
 \     /  \     /
  \   /    \   /
   \ /      \ /
    C        C
    |        |
    |        |
    H        H

    Finasteride
    C₂₃H₃₆N₂O₂
    4-Azasteroid Structure

Simplified Structure:

         O
         ‖
    H₃C—C—NH—C—C(CH₃)₃
         |
    [Steroid Ring System]
         |
    HN——C=O
      ‖
      O

    Finasteride
    4-Aza-5α-androst-1-en-3-one-17β-carboxamide
Parameter Description
Molecular Formula C₂₃H₃₆N₂O₂
Molecular Weight 372.55 g/mol
Chemical Class 4-Azasteroid; 5α-reductase inhibitor
Steroid Skeleton Androstane derivative (C19 steroid)
Functional Groups Carboxamide (-CONH-C(CH₃)₃), 3-oxo group, 4-aza group (N)
SMILES CC(C)(C)NC(=O)[C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3C@H[C@H]4CC@@HCC[C@@H]4C3=O
InChI InChI=1S/C23H36N2O2/c1-14-6-7-15-16-8-9-18-22(3)11-10-17(26)23(27)24-19(22)20(16)25(18)21(15)12-14/h10-11,14-16,18,20-21H,6-9,12H2,1-5H3,(H,24,26,27)/t14-,15-,16-,18-,20-,21-,22-/m0/s1
InChI Key DBPKMCANMOWFGP-RWMBKGLWSA-N
Hydrogen Bond Donors 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptors 2
Rotatable Bond Count 3
Polar Surface Area (PSA) 58.2 Ų
Optical Activity Optically active (chiral)
Stereocenters 4 stereocenters

SECTION 3: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Property Value Test Method / Note
Appearance White to off-white crystalline powder Visual
Odor Odorless Olfactometric
Molecular Weight 372.55 g/mol Calculated
Melting Point ~250-254°C (decomposes) DSC / Capillary
Density (20°C) ~1.25 g/cm³ (estimated) -
Solubility in Water (25°C) Low (~0.03-0.04 mg/mL) General Method
Solubility in Ethanol Soluble (~10-15 mg/mL) General Method
Solubility in Methanol Soluble General Method
Solubility in Chloroform Soluble General Method
Solubility in DMSO Soluble (~20-30 mg/mL) General Method
Solubility in Acetonitrile Moderately soluble General Method
Solubility in Propylene Glycol Slightly soluble General Method
Log P (Octanol/Water) ~3.0-3.5 (lipophilic) Calculated / Experimental
pKa ~5.5-6.0 (nitrogen protonation) -
pH (Saturated aqueous solution) ~6.5-7.0 (neutral) pH Meter
Vapor Pressure (25°C) Very low -
Flash Point >150°C -
Thermal Stability Stable up to 200°C -
Hygroscopicity Low (not hygroscopic) -
Polymorphism Known polymorphic forms exist XRD / DSC
Refractive Index ~1.58 (estimated) -

SECTION 4: PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND MECHANISM OF ACTION

Property Description
Pharmacological Class 5α-reductase inhibitor (Type II)
Mechanism of Action Inhibits the 5α-reductase enzyme (Type II and III) which catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
Selectivity Type II 5α-reductase inhibitor (~100 times more selective than Type I)
Enzyme Inhibition (IC50) ~5-10 nM (Type II 5α-reductase)
Plasma DHT Reduction ~65-70% reduction in serum DHT levels following oral administration
Testosterone Level ~10-15% increase in serum testosterone levels (due to DHT inhibition)
Clinical Indications • Androgenetic alopecia (hair loss) - 1 mg/day
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) - 5 mg/day
Onset of Action • Hair loss: 3-6 months
• BPH: 6-12 months
Maximum Effect • Hair loss: 12-24 months
• BPH: 12-24 months
Plasma Half-Life (t½) ~6-8 hours (young males); ~8-10 hours (elderly males)
Oral Bioavailability ~65-80%
Protein Binding ~90-93% (primarily albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein)
Metabolism Hepatic (CYP3A4 mediated) - approximately 4-5 metabolites
Elimination • Urine: ~39% (as metabolites)
• Feces: ~57% (as metabolites)
Volume of Distribution (Vd) ~76-100 L
Steady-State Achieved within 5-7 days

SECTION 5: CLINICAL USE AND INDICATIONS

Indication Dose Frequency Duration Notes
Androgenetic Alopecia (Males) 1 mg Once daily Continuous Males only; slows hair loss, promotes new hair growth
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) 5 mg Once daily Continuous Reduces prostate volume, improves urinary flow
Prostate Cancer (Chemoprevention) 5 mg Once daily Variable High-risk patients; clinical trials
Hirsutism (Females - off-label) 1-5 mg Once daily Variable Off-label use in females; contraindicated during pregnancy due to teratogenic risk

SECTION 6: COMMERCIAL GRADES AND VARIANTS

Grade / Type Purity Appearance Primary Application
Pharmaceutical Grade (USP/EP) ≥99.0% White crystalline powder Tablet manufacturing (1 mg, 5 mg)
Micronized Grade ≥99.0% Micronized powder (D90 <10 μm) High solubility formulations
Research Grade (R&D) ≥99.5% White crystalline powder Analytical standards, formulation development
GMP Grade ≥99.0% White crystalline powder Pharmaceutical manufacturing
Analytical Standard ≥99.8% White crystalline powder HPLC standards, reference materials

SECTION 7: COMMERCIAL PRODUCT COMPARISON

Brand Name Strength Indication Manufacturer Formulation
Propecia® 1 mg Androgenetic alopecia Merck Sharp & Dohme Film-coated tablet
Proscar® 5 mg BPH Merck Sharp & Dohme Film-coated tablet
Finast® 1 mg, 5 mg Alopecia, BPH Generic Film-coated tablet
Fintrol® 5 mg BPH Generic Film-coated tablet
Finpecia® 1 mg Alopecia Generic Film-coated tablet
Prosteride® 1 mg, 5 mg Alopecia, BPH Generic Film-coated tablet

SECTION 8: BIOPHARMACEUTICAL PROPERTIES

Parameter Value / Description
BCS Class Class II (Low solubility, high permeability)
Solubility (pH 1.0) ~0.02-0.03 mg/mL
Solubility (pH 6.8) ~0.03-0.04 mg/mL
Dissolution Rate pH dependent (faster in acidic medium)
Intestinal Permeability High (Caco-2: Papp >10⁻⁶ cm/s)
Absorption Site Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum)
Fasting/Feeding Effect Absorption not affected by food
Systemic Exposure Linear pharmacokinetics (1-5 mg range)
Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) • 1 mg: ~30-40 ng/mL
• 5 mg: ~150-200 ng/mL
Peak Time (Tmax) ~1-2 hours
Plasma Half-Life (t½) ~6-8 hours
Steady-State Achieved within 5-7 days
Accumulation Factor ~1.5-2.0 (with daily dosing)

SECTION 9: ADVERSE EFFECTS AND SAFETY PROFILE

Adverse Effect Frequency Severity Management
Decreased Libido Common (5-10%) Mild-Moderate Dose reduction; temporary, resolves within 1-2 weeks
Erectile Dysfunction Common (3-8%) Moderate Temporary; generally reversible after treatment discontinuation
Ejaculation Disorder Common (2-5%) Mild Reduced semen volume; generally asymptomatic
Gynecomastia Less common (<2%) Mild-Moderate Breast tenderness, enlargement; rarely requires surgery
Depression Less common (<2%) Moderate-Severe Antidepressants; may require treatment discontinuation
Allergic Reaction Rare (<1%) Mild-Severe Antihistamines; emergency management for anaphylaxis
Testicular Pain Rare (<1%) Mild Temporary; analgesics
Liver Function Abnormalities Very rare (<0.1%) Moderate-Severe Liver function tests; treatment discontinuation
Rhabdomyolysis Very rare (<0.01%) Severe Emergency management; treatment discontinuation

SECTION 10: CONTRAINDICATIONS AND WARNINGS

Condition Description
Pregnancy Absolute contraindication. Women who are or may become pregnant must not use finasteride. Teratogenic effect (genital abnormalities in male fetuses).
Breastfeeding Should not be used by nursing mothers.
Children Not indicated for use in males under 18 years of age.
Women Women of childbearing potential must not use finasteride (teratogenic risk).
Liver Disease Caution in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Prostate Cancer Prostate cancer must be ruled out before initiating therapy (PSA levels are affected).
PSA Testing Finasteride reduces PSA levels by ~50%. This effect must be considered when interpreting PSA test results.
Drug Interactions • CYP3A4 inhibitors (ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir): May increase finasteride levels
• Combination with other 5α-reductase inhibitors (dutasteride) is not recommended

SECTION 11: DRUG INTERACTIONS

Drug / Substance Interaction Type Severity Management
CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Ritonavir) Decreased finasteride metabolism; increased plasma levels Moderate Dose adjustment; monitoring
CYP3A4 Inducers (Rifampin, Phenytoin) Increased finasteride metabolism; decreased plasma levels Low-Moderate Clinical monitoring; efficacy assessment
Dutasteride (Other 5α-reductase inhibitors) Increased pharmacological effect Moderate-Severe Combination not recommended
Warfarin INR changes (rare) Low INR monitoring
Digoxin No expected change in digoxin levels Low Monitoring not required
Theophylline No expected change in theophylline levels Low Monitoring not required

SECTION 12: FIRST AID MEASURES

Route of Exposure Action
Inhalation If inhaled as powder, move to fresh air. Seek medical attention if respiratory symptoms persist.
Skin Contact Remove contaminated clothing. Wash with plenty of soap and water. Seek medical attention if irritation develops.
Eye Contact Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Keep eyelids open. Remove contact lenses if present. Seek medical attention if irritation persists.
Ingestion Rinse mouth with water. Do NOT induce vomiting. Drink 1-2 glasses of water. Seek immediate medical attention.
Note No specific antidote available. Symptomatic treatment is administered. Pregnant women should not crush or split finasteride tablets (risk of transdermal absorption).

SECTION 13: STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE

Parameter Information
Storage Conditions Store in a cool (<25°C), dry, light-protected place; protect from moisture.
Temperature Limits 15-25°C (ideal); do not exceed 30°C
Humidity Low humidity environment (not hygroscopic)
Light Protect from UV light and direct sunlight (photodegradation potential)
Oxygen Protect against oxidation; keep containers tightly closed
Incompatible Materials Strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, strong bases
Container Requirements Light-proof, moisture-proof containers: Amber glass bottles, aluminum foil bags, HDPE
Shelf Life 24-36 months (unopened original packaging, under proper storage conditions)
Shelf Life (After Opening) 12-18 months (under proper storage conditions)
Signs of Degradation Color change (yellowing), caking, decreased solubility, HPLC impurity increase
Stability Warning May degrade under light and moisture; oxidized product may form impurities

SECTION 14: PACKAGING OPTIONS

Packaging Type Quantity / Capacity Material Application Area
Amber Glass Bottle 10 g, 25 g, 50 g, 100 g Amber glass (UV protected) Pharmaceutical manufacturing, laboratory, R&D
Aluminum Foil Bag 1 kg, 5 kg, 10 kg, 25 kg Aluminum / PE (light and moisture proof) Pharmaceutical raw material supply
HDPE Drum 25 kg, 50 kg HDPE (opaque, moisture barrier) Large-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing
Fiber Drum (PE Lined) 25 kg, 50 kg Fiber / PE liner Industrial supply
Blister (Ready-to-Use) 30 tablets, 60 tablets, 90 tablets PVC/PCTFE / Aluminum foil Consumer product (Propecia, Proscar)
HDPE Plastic Bottle 30, 60, 90, 100 tablets HDPE (child-resistant cap) Generic tablet products

SECTION 15: TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION

Parameter Information
UN Number Not applicable (not classified as dangerous substance)
Hazard Class Not applicable
Packing Group Not applicable
ADR/RID Not classified as dangerous goods
IMDG Code Not marine pollutant
IATA (Air) Not classified as dangerous goods; can be transported by air
Transport Temperature Ambient temperature; protect from heat, moisture, and light
Transport Precautions Light-proof packaging; keep away from strong oxidizing agents
Spill Cleanup Collect mechanically; clean with absorbent material; avoid dust generation
Marine Pollutant No

SECTION 16: QUALITY CONTROL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS

Parameter Test Method Specification
Appearance Visual White to off-white crystalline powder
Odor Olfactometric Odorless
Assay (Finasteride) HPLC / UV ≥99.0% (USP/EP)
Melting Point DSC / Capillary 250-254°C (decomposes)
Water Content Karl Fischer ≤0.5%
Residue on Ignition Gravimetric ≤0.1%
Heavy Metals (Pb) ICP-MS / USP <231> ≤10 ppm
Arsenic (As) ICP-MS ≤1 ppm
HPLC Impurities HPLC Single impurity ≤0.2%; Total ≤0.5%
Chloride USP / EP ≤0.05%
Sulfate Turbidimetric ≤0.1%
Particle Size (Micronized) Laser Diffraction D90 <10 μm (micronized grade)
Polymorphic Form XRD / DSC Form I or Form II (specified)
Optical Rotation Polarimetry [α]D = +10° to +14° (c=1, CHCl₃)
Microbiological Purity USP <61> TAMC ≤10² CFU/g; TYMC ≤10¹ CFU/g

SECTION 17: QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS (USP/EP)

Parameter Specification Test Method
Appearance White to off-white crystalline powder Visual
Assay (on dried basis) ≥99.0% - ≤101.0% HPLC
Melting Point 250-254°C (decomposes) Capillary
Water Content ≤0.5% Karl Fischer
Residue on Ignition ≤0.1% Gravimetric
Heavy Metals ≤10 ppm USP <231>
Single Impurity ≤0.2% HPLC
Total Impurities ≤0.5% HPLC
Optical Rotation +10° to +14° (c=1, CHCl₃) Polarimetry
Organic Volatile Impurities Within specification limits GC
Microbiological Purity TAMC ≤10² CFU/g; TYMC ≤10¹ CFU/g USP <61>

SECTION 18: OTHER NAMES AND SYNONYMS

Type Name
Chemical Name (IUPAC) N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-oxo-4-aza-5α-androst-1-ene-17β-carboxamide
Common Names Finasteride, Finasteridum, MK-906
Trade Marks Propecia®, Proscar®, Finast®, Fintrol®, Finpecia®, Prosteride®
USP Name Finasteride
EP Name Finasteride
CAS Number 98319-26-7
EC Number 620-534-3
PubChem CID 57363
DrugBank ID DB01216
FDA UNII 57GNO57U7G
ATC Code D11AX10 (hair loss); G04CB01 (BPH)

SECTION 19: GHS CLASSIFICATION AND LABELING

Parameter Information
GHS Classification Reproductive Toxicity Category 2 (H361f), Skin Irritant Category 2 (H315)
Signal Word Warning
Hazard Pictograms GHS07 (Exclamation mark), GHS08 (Health Hazard)
Hazard Statements (H-Codes) H315 (Causes skin irritation), H361f (Suspected of damaging fertility), H373 (May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure)
Precautionary Statements (P-Codes) P201, P202, P264, P280, P302+P352, P308+P313, P332+P313, P362+P364, P405, P501
NFPA 704 Classification Health: 2, Flammability: 1, Reactivity: 0

SECTION 20: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND DISPOSAL

Parameter Information
Biodegradability Limited; slowly biodegradable (steroid structure)
Aquatic Toxicity (EC50) >10 mg/L (Daphnia magna) - moderate toxicity
Aquatic Toxicity (LC50) >10 mg/L (fish) - moderate toxicity
Soil Mobility Moderate (lipophilic)
Bioaccumulation Potential Moderate-High (log P ~3.0-3.5)
Persistence Moderate; may persist in the environment
Disposal Method Dispose of in accordance with local, regional, and national regulations
Incineration Controlled incineration facilities; energy recovery possible
Sewer Discharge Do not discharge into sewers or water resources
Environmental Precautions Prevent environmental spread during spills; collect with absorbent material
Ecotoxicity Note May pose potential risk to aquatic ecosystems; should be used with care

SECTION 21: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Question Answer
Q1: What is Finasteride and what does it do? Finasteride is a medication that inhibits the 5α-reductase enzyme, blocking the conversion of testosterone to DHT. It is used to treat male pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Q2: How effective is Finasteride for hair loss? Clinical studies show that 1 mg/day finasteride slows hair loss by 80-90% and promotes new hair growth in 60-70% of men.
Q3: What are the side effects of Finasteride? The most common side effects are decreased libido (5-10%), erectile dysfunction (3-8%), and ejaculatory disorders (2-5%). These side effects are generally reversible upon treatment discontinuation.
Q4: Can women use Finasteride? No. Finasteride is absolutely contraindicated in women of childbearing potential and pregnant women. It can cause genital abnormalities in male fetuses (teratogenic effect).
Q5: How long does Finasteride take to work? For hair loss, initial results are seen in 3-6 months; maximum effect is achieved in 12-24 months. For BPH, improvement in urinary symptoms is seen in 6-12 months.
Q6: Can PSA testing be done while on Finasteride? Yes, but finasteride reduces PSA levels by approximately 50%. This effect must be considered when interpreting PSA test results (PSA value should be multiplied by 2).
Q7: Can Finasteride be used with other hair loss treatments? Yes, finasteride can be used in combination with minoxidil (topical + oral). This combination may be more effective than either treatment alone.
Q8: What happens if I stop taking Finasteride? When finasteride treatment is discontinued, DHT levels return to normal within 3-6 months, and hair loss returns to pre-treatment levels. For BPH, prostate size may enlarge again.
Q9: Why is Finasteride dangerous for pregnant women? Finasteride can disrupt the development of the external genitalia in male fetuses (hypospadias, other genital anomalies). Pregnant women should not handle crushed or split finasteride tablets.
Q10: What is the difference between Finasteride 5 mg and 1 mg? The 1 mg formulation is approved for hair loss (Propecia®), while 5 mg is approved for BPH (Proscar®). Both doses reduce DHT levels by 65-70%, but different doses are used for different indications.

SECTION 22: QUICK REFERENCE TABLE

Property Value
CAS Number 98319-26-7
Molecular Formula C₂₃H₃₆N₂O₂
Molecular Weight 372.55 g/mol
Appearance White crystalline powder
Melting Point 250-254°C (decomposes)
Water Solubility Low (~0.03 mg/mL)
Log P ~3.0-3.5 (lipophilic)
Primary Function 5α-reductase inhibitor (Type II)
Clinical Indications Androgenetic alopecia (1 mg); BPH (5 mg)
Bioavailability ~65-80%
Plasma Half-Life ~6-8 hours
Protein Binding ~90-93%
Metabolism Hepatic (CYP3A4)
Elimination Urine ~39%; Feces ~57%
Shelf Life 24-36 months
Storage Cool (<25°C), dry, light-protected
GHS Classification Reproductive Toxicity (GHS08), Warning
FDA Approval Approved (Propecia® 1 mg; Proscar® 5 mg)
Teratogenic Risk Yes (male fetus) - Contraindicated in women

SECTION 23: CRITICAL WARNINGS AND BEST PRACTICES

CRITICAL WARNINGS:

  1. Teratogenic risk: Finasteride is absolutely contraindicated in women of childbearing potential and pregnant women. Even contact with crushed or split tablets may pose a risk to a male fetus.

  2. Side effects: Sexual side effects (decreased libido, erectile dysfunction) are common and may be reversible after treatment discontinuation, but may be persistent in some patients.

  3. PSA effect: Finasteride reduces PSA levels by ~50%. This effect must be considered when interpreting PSA test results.

  4. Liver disease: Caution and monitoring are required in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

  5. Prostate cancer: Prostate cancer must be ruled out before initiating therapy.

  6. Drug interactions: Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase finasteride levels.

  7. Combination with dutasteride: Concomitant use with other 5α-reductase inhibitors (dutasteride) is not recommended.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

  1. Dosage: 1 mg/day for hair loss, 5 mg/day for BPH. Doses should never be confused.

  2. Administration: Can be taken with or without food; absorption is not affected.

  3. Discontinuation: When treatment is stopped, hair loss returns to pre-treatment levels within 6-12 months. BPH symptoms may recur.

  4. PSA monitoring: Annual PSA testing should be performed; results should be interpreted considering the finasteride effect.

  5. Liver function tests: Liver function tests should be monitored with high-dose or long-term use.

  6. Pregnancy prevention: Women of childbearing potential should not handle finasteride tablets (transdermal absorption risk).

  7. Stability studies: Finasteride stability in pharmaceutical formulations; effects of light, moisture, and temperature should be evaluated.

  8. Quality control: Assay (HPLC), melting point, water content, heavy metals, microbiological purity tests should be performed regularly.

  9. Patient education: Patients should be informed about sexual side effects, pregnancy risk, PSA test effects, and treatment discontinuation outcomes.

  10. Cold chain: Not required; storage at room temperature (15-25°C) is sufficient.

LEGAL DISCLAIMER:

The information provided in this document is based on our current knowledge and experience and is presented in good faith; however, it does not constitute a binding specification or guarantee as all conditions of use are beyond our control. This Technical Data Sheet is for informational purposes only. Users are responsible for testing suitability for their own applications. For complete safety, storage, use, handling, waste, and regulatory compliance information, please refer to the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier. Finasteride is a prescription medication; its use must be under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

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