Polyaluminum Chloride, Aluminum Hydroxychloride, PAC Powder, PAC30, 1327-41-9, 101707-17-9

Polyaluminum Chloride, Aluminum Hydroxychloride, PAC Powder, PAC30, 1327-41-9, 101707-17-9

POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE (PAC) POWDER
PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC)

[Al₂(OH)nCl₆₋ₙ]ₘ

General Formula: Alₙ(OH)ₘCl₍₃ₙ₋ₘ₎
Structure: Polymeric inorganic coagulant with variable polynuclear aluminium species; High positive charge; Degree of polymerization and basicity (OH/Al ratio) determine performance characteristics; Contains pre-polymerized aluminium species (Al₁₃ Keggin ions).

SECTION 1: CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND DESCRIPTION

SECTION 2: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

SECTION 3: QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS

3.1 Drinking Water Grade Specifications

3.2 Industrial Grade Specifications

SECTION 4: BASICITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE

Definition: Basicity (%) = [OH⁻] / (3 × [Al³⁺]) × 100

Basicity Effect on PAC Performance:

SECTION 5: POLYMERIZATION AND ALUMINIUM SPECIATION

5.1 Aluminium Species (Ferron Method)

5.2 Polymerization Mechanism

5.3 Keggin Ion (Al₁₃) Structure:

[Al₁₃O₄(OH)₂₄(H₂O)₁₂]⁷⁺

• Highly charged polynuclear aluminium species

• Most effective species for coagulation

• Pre-formed during production (not in-situ)

SECTION 6: COAGULATION MECHANISM

6.1 Basic Mechanisms

6.2 Comparison with Alum (Al₂(SO₄)₃)

SECTION 7: USAGE AND DOSING GUIDELINES

7.1 Solution Preparation (from Powder)

7.2 Dosage Table (Product basis, not Al₂O₃ basis)

7.3 Optimum Operating Conditions

SECTION 8: SECTOR APPLICATIONS - DRINKING WATER TREATMENT

8.1 Application Details

8.2 Advantages over Alum

• Lower dosage (30-50% of alum)

• Less sludge (50-70% of alum)

• Lower aluminium residual

• Wider pH range operation

• Better low temperature performance

SECTION 9: SECTOR APPLICATIONS - MUNICIPAL & INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER

9.1 Application Details

9.2 Sectoral Wastewater Applications

SECTION 10: SECTOR APPLICATIONS - PAPER INDUSTRY

10.1 Application Details

SECTION 11: SECTOR APPLICATIONS - TEXTILE INDUSTRY

11.1 Application Details

SECTION 12: SECTOR APPLICATIONS - CONSTRUCTION & CONCRETE

12.1 Indirect Uses

SECTION 13: SECTOR APPLICATIONS - OTHER INDUSTRIES

SECTION 14: COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL COAGULANTS

SECTION 15: ADVANTAGES AND REASONS FOR PREFERENCE

SECTION 16: LIMITATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS

SECTION 17: SAFETY AND TOXICOLOGY

SECTION 18: SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND PPE

Hazards:

• Acidic – causes skin and eye irritation

• May be harmful if swallowed

• Dust inhalation may cause irritation

Reactivity:

• Neutralization with strong alkalis (exothermic)

• May generate hydrogen gas upon contact with most metals

• Acidic solution when mixed with water (exothermic)

PPE (Recommended):

• Chemical-resistant gloves (nitrile or neoprene)

• Safety goggles (EN 166)

• Dust mask (FFP1 or N95) – in dusty environments

• Protective clothing (acid-resistant)

Engineering Controls:

• Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) for dusty operations

• Dust collection systems

• Eyewash stations

First Aid:

• Inhalation: Remove to fresh air

• Skin Contact: Wash with plenty of water

• Eye Contact: Rinse with water for 15 minutes

• Ingestion: Drink plenty of water; Seek medical attention

SECTION 19: STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE

Storage Conditions:

• Cool, dry, well-ventilated area (5-30°C)

• Store in original closed packaging

• Protect from moisture and direct sunlight

• Acid-resistant plastic containers (HDPE, PP, PVC) – DO NOT USE metal containers

• Store separately from other chemicals (especially alkalis)

Shelf Life:

• Original closed packaging: 12 – 24 months

• Diluted solution: 24 – 48 hours (use immediately)

Degradation Indicators:

• Caking (moisture absorption)

• Darkening of color (partial hydrolysis)

• Decrease in solubility

SECTION 20: SECTOR SUITABILITY SUMMARY TABLE

SECTION 21: CRITICAL WARNINGS AND BEST PRACTICES

CRITICAL WARNINGS:

• Acidic nature – causes skin and eye irritation. Wear protective equipment.

• Hygroscopic – absorbs moisture from air. Store in tightly closed, moisture-proof containers.

• Dissolution is exothermic – temperature may rise significantly. Add slowly to water with mixing.

• Corrosive to metals – use plastic or lined equipment (HDPE, PP, PVC). DO NOT use metal containers.

• Dust may cause respiratory irritation – use dust control measures and respiratory protection.

• Incompatible with alkalis – violent neutralization reaction (exothermic). Store separately.

• Drinking water applications – must be NSF/ANSI 60 certified. Ensure Al residual <0.2 mg/L.

• Dilute solutions are not stable – prepare fresh and use within 24-48 hours.

• Dosage must be optimized – jar test is mandatory for each application.

• Overdosing – may cause aluminium residual and environmental issues.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

Solution Preparation:

• Always add PAC powder to water, never add water to PAC powder.

• Use clean water (pH 6-7) for dissolution.

• Use moderate stirring (200-400 rpm) – avoid vigorous mixing.

• Allow 30-60 minutes for complete dissolution.

• Prepare 5-10% stock solution.

• Use fresh solutions within 24-48 hours.

Dosage Optimization:

• Jar test is mandatory for each application.

• Start with 5-50 mg/L for drinking water; 20-200 mg/L for wastewater.

• Optimum dosage: largest flocs + clearest supernatant.

• Overdosing → floc dispersion, turbid water, Al residual.

• Factors affecting dosage: turbidity, pH, temperature, organic content.

Equipment Selection:

• Use plastic or lined equipment (HDPE, PP, PVC) – avoid metals.

• Use chemical-resistant pumps (peristaltic, diaphragm).

• Use static mixers or low-shear mixing.

• Calibrate dosing pumps regularly.

Handling:

• Use in well-ventilated areas.

• Avoid dust formation.

• Use dust masks (N95/FFP2) when handling powder.

• Use gloves and safety goggles.

• Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Storage:

• Store in tightly closed, moisture-proof containers.

• Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area (5-30°C).

• Protect from direct sunlight, moisture, and high humidity.

• Opened packages should be resealed immediately.

• Do not store near alkalis or metals.

Spill Management:

• Sweep or vacuum (HEPA) and place in suitable sealed container.

• Avoid dust formation.

• Do NOT wash with water (creates slippery surface, exothermic).

• Neutralize with sodium bicarbonate or lime (if safe).

• Do not allow entry into drains or waterways.

Disposal:

• Dispose of in accordance with local, regional, and national regulations.

• Non-hazardous waste (powder).

• Neutralize before disposal if required.

• Consider recycling for liquid waste (if possible).

JAR TEST PROCEDURE FOR DOSAGE OPTIMIZATION:

PAC vs ALUM: PERFORMANCE COMPARISON SUMMARY

REGULATORY COMPLIANCE:

Certifications Required:

• Drinking Water: NSF/ANSI 60 certification

• Food Contact: FDA compliance, Food Grade certification

• Cosmetics: EC 1223/2009 compliance

LEGAL DISCLAIMER:
The information provided in this document is based on our current knowledge and experience and is presented in good faith. However, as all conditions of use are beyond our control, it does not constitute a binding specification or warranty. This Technical Data Sheet is for informational purposes only. Users are responsible for testing the suitability for their own applications. For complete safety, storage, use, handling, waste, and regulatory compliance information, please refer to the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier. Specific applications require laboratory jar tests and field trials. For drinking water applications, ensure compliance with local regulations (Al <0.2 mg/L). For food contact applications, only certified food grade products should be used.

Documents

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• Betakim Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) – Solid _ Polialüminyum Klorür (PAC) – Katı TDS_ENG_TR.pdf
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