We unleash your business potential by maximize the business innovation.
Send EmailDysprosium Carbonate Tetrahydrate, 38245-35-1
DYSPROSIUM CARBONATE TETRAHYDRATE (DYSPROSIUM(III) CARBONATE)
Chemical Name: Dysprosium(III) Carbonate Tetrahydrate
CAS Number: 38245-35-1
EC Number: 225-770-7
UN Number: 3077 (Environmentally hazardous substance)
Customs Tariff Code: 2836.99.00.00
1. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION AND CHEMICAL IDENTITY
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name (IUPAC) | Dysprosium(III) carbonate tetrahydrate |
| Other Names | Dysprosium Carbonate, Dysprosium Tricarbonate Tetrahydrate |
| CAS Number | 38245-35-1 |
| EC Number (EINECS) | 225-770-7 |
| Molecular Formula | Dy₂(CO₃)₃·4H₂O |
| Molecular Weight | ~577.1 g/mol (tetrahydrate form) |
| Chemical Class | Inorganic carbonate / Rare earth metal carbonate |
| Appearance | White crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Crystal Structure | Tetrahydrate |
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION:
Dysprosium Carbonate Tetrahydrate (Dy₂(CO₃)₃·4H₂O) is the carbonate salt of dysprosium in the +3 oxidation state, containing four molecules of water of crystallization. It is a white, water-insoluble powder that readily dissolves in acids. Dysprosium is a lanthanide element critical for high-temperature Nd-Fe-B magnets, where it enhances coercivity and temperature stability. Dysprosium Carbonate is a key precursor for dysprosium oxide (Dy₂O₃) production and is used in magnetic materials, catalysts, optical glasses, and electronic applications.
Structural Features:
-
Tetrahydrate form (4 water molecules)
-
Insoluble in water
-
Readily dissolves in acids
-
White crystalline appearance
-
Thermal decomposition yields Dy₂O₃
-
Key precursor for dysprosium-based magnetic and optical materials
-
High magnetic moment (10.6 µB)
2. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | Dy₂(CO₃)₃·4H₂O |
| Molecular Weight | ~577.1 g/mol |
| Appearance | White crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | Not established |
| Melting Point | Not distinct; decomposes on heating |
| Decomposition Temperature | ~300-700°C (to Dy₂O₃) |
| Solubility in Water | Insoluble |
| Solubility in Acids | Soluble |
| Solubility in Organic Solvents | Insoluble |
| Hygroscopicity | May exhibit slight hygroscopic tendency |
| Thermal Decomposition | Dy₂(CO₃)₃ → Dy₂O₃ + 3CO₂↑ |
| Magnetic Properties | Paramagnetic (high magnetic moment) |
| Magnetic Moment | 10.6 µB |
| Loss on Ignition | ~30-35% (tetrahydrate water + CO₂) |
Dysprosium Carbonate Tetrahydrate is a white, odorless, crystalline powder. It is insoluble in water but readily dissolves in acids. Upon heating, it decomposes to dysprosium oxide (Dy₂O₃) with the release of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Dysprosium has a high magnetic moment (10.6 µB) and is critical for high-temperature permanent magnet applications.
3. SOLUBILITY PROFILE
| Solvent | Solubility | Conditions |
|---|---|---|
| Water | Insoluble | All temperatures |
| Dilute Acids | Soluble | Forms Dy³⁺ salts |
| Hydrochloric Acid | Soluble | DyCl₃ formation |
| Nitric Acid | Soluble | Dy(NO₃)₃ formation |
| Sulfuric Acid | Soluble | Dy₂(SO₄)₃ formation |
| Organic Solvents | Insoluble | - |
Dysprosium Carbonate is insoluble in water and organic solvents. It readily dissolves in dilute acids, forming the corresponding dysprosium(III) salts. This solubility profile makes it useful as a precursor for various dysprosium compounds.
4. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Class | Inorganic carbonate / Rare earth metal carbonate |
| Oxidation State | Dy³⁺ (+3) |
| Thermal Decomposition | Dy₂(CO₃)₃ → Dy₂O₃ + 3CO₂↑ (~300-700°C) |
| Acid Dissolution | Dissolves in acids forming Dy³⁺ salts |
| Precipitation | Forms insoluble carbonates from Dy³⁺ solutions |
| Hydrolysis | Negligible in aqueous suspensions |
| Complex Formation | Forms complexes with various ligands |
| Magnetic Properties | High magnetic moment (10.6 µB) |
Dysprosium Carbonate is a typical rare earth carbonate. Upon heating, it decomposes to dysprosium oxide (Dy₂O₃). It readily dissolves in acids to form dysprosium salts and is an important precursor for various dysprosium compounds used in magnetic and optical applications.
Key Chemical Reactions:
Thermal Decomposition:
Dy₂(CO₃)₃ → Dy₂O₃ + 3CO₂↑ (~300-700°C)
Acid Dissolution:
Dy₂(CO₃)₃ + 6HCl → 2DyCl₃ + 3CO₂↑ + 3H₂O
Precipitation Reaction:
2Dy³⁺ + 3CO₃²⁻ → Dy₂(CO₃)₃ ↓
5. SPECIFICATIONS (TECHNICAL AND HIGH PURITY)
| Parameter | Technical Grade | High Purity |
|---|---|---|
| Purity (Dy₂(CO₃)₃) | ≥ 99.0% | ≥ 99.9% - 99.99% |
| Appearance | White powder | White crystalline powder |
| Rare Earth Impurities | ≤ 0.5% | ≤ 0.01% - 0.001% |
| Iron (Fe) | ≤ 0.01% | ≤ 0.001% |
| Calcium (Ca) | ≤ 0.01% | ≤ 0.001% |
| Magnesium (Mg) | ≤ 0.01% | ≤ 0.001% |
| Sodium (Na) | ≤ 0.05% | ≤ 0.01% |
| Chloride (Cl) | ≤ 0.01% | ≤ 0.005% |
| Sulfate (SO₄) | ≤ 0.01% | ≤ 0.005% |
| Loss on Ignition | ~30-35% | ~30-35% |
| Shelf Life | ~2 years | ~2 years |
Dysprosium Carbonate is available in various grades from technical (≥ 99%) to high purity (≥ 99.99%). High purity grades are essential for magnetic, optical, and electronic applications.
6. APPLICATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL USES
6.1. Dysprosium Oxide (Dy₂O₃) Production (Most Important Application)
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Primary Precursor | Thermal decomposition yields high-purity Dy₂O₃ |
| Magnetic Material Precursor | Additive for high-performance magnet production |
| Catalyst Precursor | Used in catalyst preparation |
Dysprosium Carbonate is the primary precursor for dysprosium oxide (Dy₂O₃) production. Upon heating, it decomposes to Dy₂O₃, which is used in magnetic materials, catalysts, and optical applications.
6.2. Magnetic Materials (Critical Application)
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Nd-Fe-B Magnet Additive | Enhances high-temperature stability and coercivity |
| Magnetic Alloys | Used in specialty magnetic alloys |
| High-Temperature Magnets | Essential for EV motors and wind turbine generators |
Dysprosium is critical for high-performance permanent magnets. Added to Nd-Fe-B magnets to improve temperature stability and coercivity, making them suitable for electric vehicle motors and wind turbine generators operating at elevated temperatures.
6.3. Optical and Electronic Applications
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Optical Glasses | Used for UV/IR transmission control in specialty glass |
| Sputtering Targets | Precursor for thin film deposition targets |
| Thin Film Coatings | Used in vacuum deposition systems |
| Optical Filters | Used in precision filter systems |
6.4. Catalyst Applications
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Catalyst Precursor | Precursor for dysprosium-based catalysts |
| Chemical Synthesis | Used in catalytic applications |
| Petrochemical | Used in certain catalytic processes |
6.5. Nanotechnology
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Dy₂O₃ Nanoparticles | Source material for Dy₂O₃ nanoparticle production |
| Nanomaterials | Used in advanced nanomaterial synthesis |
6.6. Defense and Specialty Optics
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Laser Optics | Used in precision laser systems |
| Optical Filters | Used in specialized filter systems |
| Spectroscopic Systems | Used in defense and spectroscopy applications |
7. ALTERNATIVE / EQUIVALENT PRODUCTS
| Product | Description | Preference Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Dysprosium Oxide (Dy₂O₃) | Direct use in ceramics, magnets, and optics | Already oxidized form |
| Dysprosium Hydroxide (Dy(OH)₃) | Alternative precursor for Dy₂O₃ | Different decomposition pathway |
| Dysprosium Nitrate (Dy(NO₃)₃) | Soluble dysprosium source | Water-soluble, easy processing |
| Lanthanide Carbonates (La₂(CO₃)₃, Pr₂(CO₃)₃, Nd₂(CO₃)₃) | Similar rare earth carbonate functions | Different magnetic and optical properties |
| Terbium Carbonate (Tb₂(CO₃)₃) | Alternative for phosphor applications | Different emission characteristics |
8. SECTOR SUITABILITY TABLE
| Sector / Application | Suitability | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Catalysts | Suitable | Dy₂O₃ catalyst production precursor |
| Magnetic Materials | Critical | High-performance magnet production additive |
| Optics & Electronics | Suitable | Glass, filters, and sputtering targets |
| Nanotechnology | Suitable | Dy₂O₃ nanoparticle production source |
| Defense | Suitable | Laser optics and filter systems |
| Cosmetics | Not Suitable | Direct use not recommended |
| Food & Pharmaceuticals | Prohibited | Not permitted due to carbonate structure |
9. COMMON NAMES
-
Dysprosium carbonate
-
White carbonate powder
-
Magnetic additive
-
Dysprosium salt
-
Rare earth carbonate
-
Dysprosium tricarbonate tetrahydrate
10. PRODUCTION PROCESS
| Stage | Description |
|---|---|
| Starting Material | Dysprosium-containing rare earth solutions or salts |
| Purification | Purification of dysprosium salt solution |
| Precipitation | Carbonate precipitation with sodium carbonate or ammonium bicarbonate |
| Reaction | 2Dy³⁺ + 3CO₃²⁻ → Dy₂(CO₃)₃ ↓ |
| Filtration | Separation of precipitate from mother liquor |
| Washing | Washing to remove impurities |
| Drying | Drying at 100-150°C maintaining tetrahydrate form |
| Grinding | Grinding to desired particle size |
| Packaging | Packaging |
Reaction Equation:
2DyCl₃ + 3Na₂CO₃ → Dy₂(CO₃)₃ + 6NaCl
Production Types: Technical and high purity grades
Major Producing Countries: China, India, United States
Commercial Purity: Ranges from 99% to 99.99%
11. SAFETY AND TOXICOLOGY
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| GHS Classification | GHS07 (Warning) |
| Hazard Statements | H315 (Skin irritation), H319 (Serious eye irritation), H335 (Respiratory tract irritation) |
| Precautionary Statements | P261, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338 |
| Signal Word | Warning |
| UN Number | 3077 (Environmentally hazardous substance) |
| Carcinogenicity | Not classified |
| Reproductive Toxicity | Not classified |
| Ecotoxicity | Low to moderate aquatic toxicity |
SPECIAL WARNINGS: Dysprosium Carbonate may cause skin irritation, serious eye irritation, and respiratory tract irritation. It is classified as an environmentally hazardous substance under UN 3077. Environmental release must be prevented.
12. TRANSPORT INFORMATION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| UN Number | 3077 (Environmentally hazardous substance) |
| Hazard Class | 9 |
| Packing Group | III |
| Proper Shipping Name | Environmentally hazardous substance, solid, n.o.s. (Dysprosium carbonate) |
| Marine Pollutant | Yes |
| ADR/RID Label | 9 |
Dysprosium Carbonate is classified as an environmentally hazardous substance under UN 3077.
13. REGULATORY INFORMATION
| Region | Status |
|---|---|
| EU | REACH registered |
| Turkey (KKDİK) | Mandatory compliance; registration required |
| USA (TSCA) | Listed |
| EINECS | 225-770-7 |
| Customs Tariff Code | 2836.99.00.00 |
Dysprosium Carbonate is registered in all major industrial markets. KKDİK registration is required for use in Turkey.
14. STORAGE AND HANDLING
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Storage Conditions | Cool, dry, well-ventilated area; store in dry conditions |
| Container Requirements | Tightly closed containers |
| Materials to Avoid | Strong acids, moisture |
| Shelf Life | ~2 years (under proper storage) |
| Hygroscopicity | May exhibit slight hygroscopic tendency |
| Packaging Options | 100 g, 500 g, 1 kg, 5 kg, 25 kg |
Handling Notes:
-
Avoid dust formation and inhalation
-
Avoid skin and eye contact (use protective gloves and safety goggles)
-
Use in well-ventilated areas
-
Keep away from acids
-
Prevent environmental release
-
Due to slight hygroscopic tendency, store in dry conditions
15. FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Fire Hazard | Not flammable |
| Extinguishing Media | Water spray, CO₂, dry chemical powder |
| Special Hazards | Thermal decomposition releases CO₂ |
| Protective Equipment | Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), full protective clothing |
| Decomposition Products | Dysprosium oxides, CO₂ |
Dysprosium Carbonate is not flammable. Thermal decomposition may release CO₂.
16. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Personal Protection | Wear appropriate PPE (dust mask, safety goggles, protective clothing, gloves) |
| Ventilation | Increase ventilation |
| Containment | Prevent dust dispersion; contain spill |
| Cleaning Methods | Carefully sweep or vacuum; place in appropriate disposal container |
| Environmental Precautions | Prevent entry into drains, sewers, and water bodies |
| Waste Disposal | Dispose according to local regulations |
In case of spillage, appropriate personal protective equipment must be worn. Environmental release must be prevented.
17. FIRST AID MEASURES
| Exposure Route | Action |
|---|---|
| Inhalation | Move person to fresh air. If respiratory irritation persists, seek medical attention. |
| Skin Contact | Wash with plenty of water and soap; remove contaminated clothing. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. |
| Eye Contact | Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contact lenses if present. Seek medical attention. |
| Ingestion | Rinse mouth with water. Do NOT induce vomiting. Seek medical attention. |
18. RAW MATERIALS AND DOWNSTREAM PRODUCTS
18.1. Raw Materials (Upstream)
| Raw Material | Description |
|---|---|
| Monazite Sand | Rare earth ore containing dysprosium |
| Bastnäsite | Rare earth carbonate mineral |
| Xenotime | Yttrium-rich, dysprosium-containing mineral |
| Dysprosium Chloride (DyCl₃) | Starting material for precipitation |
| Sodium Carbonate (Na₂CO₃) | Precipitation agent |
18.2. Downstream Products
| Product | Application |
|---|---|
| Dysprosium Oxide (Dy₂O₃) | Magnetic materials, catalysts, ceramics |
| Nd-Fe-B Magnet Additive | High-temperature stable magnets |
| Dysprosium-Based Catalysts | Chemical synthesis, petrochemicals |
| Dysprosium-Doped Materials | Optical glasses, filters |
| Dysprosium Alloys | Specialty magnetic alloys |
19. QUALITY CONTROL PARAMETERS
| Parameter | Analytical Method | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Purity | Titration / ICP | Complexometric titration or ICP analysis |
| Dysprosium Content | Gravimetric / ICP | Determined as Dy₂O₃ |
| Carbonate Content | Gravimetric | CO₂ determination |
| Water of Crystallization | Thermogravimetry | Tetrahydrate water determination |
| Rare Earth Impurities | ICP-MS / ICP-OES | Detection of other lanthanides |
| Metal Impurities | ICP-MS / ICP-OES | Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Cu, etc. |
| Loss on Ignition | Gravimetric | Calcination to Dy₂O₃ |
| Appearance | Visual | White powder |
| Particle Size | Laser Diffraction | Particle size distribution |
| Acid Solubility | Visual | Clear solution after acid dissolution |
20. SUMMARY AND CRITICAL WARNINGS
SUMMARY:
Dysprosium Carbonate Tetrahydrate (Dy₂(CO₃)₃·4H₂O, CAS 38245-35-1) is a white, crystalline powder with a molecular weight of approximately 577.1 g/mol. It is insoluble in water but readily dissolves in acids. Thermal decomposition yields dysprosium oxide (Dy₂O₃). Dysprosium has a high magnetic moment (10.6 µB) and is critical for high-temperature permanent magnet applications.
Its most important application is as a precursor for dysprosium oxide (Dy₂O₃) . Dysprosium is critical for high-performance Nd-Fe-B magnets, enhancing temperature stability and coercivity for electric vehicle motors and wind turbine generators. It is also used in catalysts, optical glasses, electronic applications, and nanotechnology.
The compound is classified as an environmentally hazardous substance under UN 3077. It may cause skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritation. Storage should be in cool, dry, well-ventilated areas away from acids. Due to slight hygroscopic tendency, store in dry conditions. Shelf life is approximately 2 years under proper storage conditions.
Key Properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Appearance | White crystalline powder |
| Chemical Formula | Dy₂(CO₃)₃·4H₂O |
| Molecular Weight | ~577.1 g/mol |
| CAS Number | 38245-35-1 |
| EC Number | 225-770-7 |
| Decomposition Temperature | ~300-700°C (to Dy₂O₃) |
| Water Solubility | Insoluble |
| Hygroscopicity | Slight tendency |
| Magnetic Moment | 10.6 µB |
| Primary Use | Dy₂O₃ precursor, magnetic materials |
Major Application Areas:
| Sector | Applications |
|---|---|
| Magnetic Materials | Nd-Fe-B magnet additive, high-temperature magnets |
| Catalysts | Dy₂O₃ catalyst production |
| Optics & Electronics | Optical glasses, sputtering targets, filters |
| Nanotechnology | Dy₂O₃ nanoparticles |
| Defense | Laser optics, optical filters |
Key Safety Points:
-
ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS: UN 3077
-
IRRITANT: Skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritation
-
STORAGE: Cool, dry, well-ventilated, away from acids
-
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: Gloves, safety goggles, dust mask
-
HYGROSCOPIC: Store in dry conditions
CRITICAL WARNINGS:
-
MAGNETIC MATERIAL CRITICALITY: Dysprosium is a critical additive for Nd-Fe-B magnets, enhancing temperature stability and coercivity. It is essential for electric vehicle motors and wind turbine generators operating at elevated temperatures. Demand for dysprosium grows proportionally with these applications.
-
SUPPLY CRITICALITY: Dysprosium is a heavy rare earth element with critical supply risk. Production is concentrated in China, and it is classified as a "critical raw material" due to its strategic importance in magnetic applications.
-
UN 3077 CLASSIFICATION: Classified as an environmentally hazardous substance under UN 3077. Release into the environment during transport, storage, or disposal must be strictly prevented.
-
HIGH MAGNETIC MOMENT: Dysprosium's high magnetic moment (10.6 µB) makes it valuable for magnetic materials research and applications. This property may interfere with sensitive magnetic equipment.
-
TETRAHYDRATE FORM: This compound is a tetrahydrate (4H₂O), with a specific hydration degree unlike some other rare earth carbonates. This affects stoichiometry, molecular weight calculations, and thermal behavior.
-
HYGROSCOPIC TENDENCY: May exhibit slight hygroscopic tendency; store in dry conditions. Prolonged exposure to humid environments may cause mass changes and hydration degree variations.
-
CUSTOMS CLASSIFICATION: The correct customs tariff code is 2836.99.00.00.
-
REGULATORY COMPLIANCE: REACH, KKDİK, and TSCA registration requirements apply. Not permitted for food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical applications.
-
Dy₂O₃ PRECURSOR: This compound is the primary precursor for dysprosium oxide production. Carbonate quality directly affects the purity and magnetic/optical properties of the final Dy₂O₃ product.
-
CALCINATION CONTROL: Calcination temperature and duration affect the final oxide product's particle size, surface area, and purity. Controlled calcination is critical for magnetic and optical applications.
Important Disclaimer: This Technical Data Sheet (TDS) is for informational purposes only. The information provided is based on available data and is believed to be accurate. However, the user is solely responsible for determining the suitability of the product for their specific applications and for complying with all applicable regulations and safety requirements. For complete safety, handling, storage, and regulatory compliance information, always refer to the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier. All local, national, and international regulations must be followed when working with Dysprosium Carbonate.
