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YTTRIUM CARBONATE HYDRATE (YTTRIUM(III) CARBONATE)
Chemical Name: Yttrium(III) Carbonate Hydrate
CAS Number: 38245-39-5
EC Number: 609-958-8
UN Number: Not classified as dangerous for transport
Customs Tariff Code: 2836.99.00.00
1. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION AND CHEMICAL IDENTITY
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name (IUPAC) | Yttrium(III) carbonate hydrate |
| Other Names | Yttrium Carbonate, Yttrium Tricarbonate Hydrate, Y₂(CO₃)₃·xH₂O |
| CAS Number | 38245-39-5 |
| EC Number (EINECS) | 609-958-8 |
| Molecular Formula | Y₂(CO₃)₃·xH₂O |
| Molecular Weight | ~357.84 g/mol (anhydrous basis) |
| Chemical Class | Inorganic carbonate / Rare earth metal carbonate |
| Appearance | White powder or crystals |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | Not established |
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION:
Yttrium Carbonate Hydrate (Y₂(CO₃)₃·xH₂O) is the carbonate salt of yttrium in the +3 oxidation state, containing variable amounts of water of crystallization. It is a white, water-insoluble powder that readily dissolves in dilute mineral acids . Yttrium is a rare earth element with chemical properties similar to lanthanides. Yttrium Carbonate is a key precursor for yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) production and is used in electronic ceramics, phosphors, optical glasses, and catalyst applications .
Structural Features:
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Insoluble in water
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Readily dissolves in dilute mineral acids
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White powder appearance
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Thermal decomposition yields Y₂O₃
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Key precursor for yttrium-based materials
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Hydrated form with variable water content
2. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | Y₂(CO₃)₃·xH₂O |
| Molecular Weight | ~357.84 g/mol (anhydrous basis) |
| Appearance | White powder or crystals |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | Not established |
| Melting Point | Not distinct; decomposes on heating |
| Decomposition Temperature | ~300-700°C (to Y₂O₃) |
| Solubility in Water | Insoluble |
| Solubility in Dilute Mineral Acids | Soluble |
| Solubility in Organic Solvents | Insoluble |
| Hygroscopicity | Not established |
| Thermal Decomposition | Y₂(CO₃)₃ → Y₂O₃ + 3CO₂↑ |
| Purity Grades | 99% to 99.999% (REO basis) |
Yttrium Carbonate Hydrate is a white, odorless powder . It is insoluble in water but readily dissolves in dilute mineral acids . Upon heating, it decomposes to yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃). High purity grades are critical for phosphors, optical ceramics, and electronic applications .
3. SOLUBILITY PROFILE
| Solvent | Solubility | Conditions |
|---|---|---|
| Water | Insoluble | All temperatures |
| Dilute Mineral Acids | Soluble | Forms Y³⁺ salts |
| Hydrochloric Acid | Soluble | YCl₃ formation |
| Nitric Acid | Soluble | Y(NO₃)₃ formation |
| Organic Solvents | Insoluble | - |
Yttrium Carbonate is insoluble in water and organic solvents. It readily dissolves in dilute mineral acids, forming the corresponding yttrium(III) salts .
4. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Class | Inorganic carbonate / Rare earth metal carbonate |
| Oxidation State | Y³⁺ (+3) |
| Thermal Decomposition | Y₂(CO₃)₃ → Y₂O₃ + 3CO₂↑ (~300-700°C) |
| Acid Dissolution | Dissolves in dilute mineral acids forming Y³⁺ salts |
| Precipitation | Forms insoluble carbonates from Y³⁺ solutions |
| Hydrolysis | Negligible in aqueous suspensions |
| Complex Formation | Forms complexes with various ligands |
Yttrium Carbonate is a typical rare earth carbonate. Upon heating, it decomposes to yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃). It readily dissolves in mineral acids to form yttrium salts and is an important precursor for various yttrium compounds used in electronic ceramics, phosphors, and optical applications .
Key Chemical Reactions:
Thermal Decomposition:
Y₂(CO₃)₃ → Y₂O₃ + 3CO₂↑ (~300-700°C)
Acid Dissolution:
Y₂(CO₃)₃ + 6HCl → 2YCl₃ + 3CO₂↑ + 3H₂O
Precipitation Reaction:
2Y³⁺ + 3CO₃²⁻ → Y₂(CO₃)₃ ↓
5. SPECIFICATIONS (TECHNICAL AND HIGH PURITY)
| Parameter | Technical Grade | High Purity |
|---|---|---|
| Purity (REO basis) | ≥ 99.0% | ≥ 99.9% - 99.999% |
| Appearance | White powder | White powder or crystals |
| Rare Earth Impurities | ≤ 0.5% | ≤ 0.01% - 0.001% |
| Iron (Fe) | ≤ 0.01% | ≤ 0.001% |
| Calcium (Ca) | ≤ 0.01% | ≤ 0.001% |
| Magnesium (Mg) | ≤ 0.01% | ≤ 0.001% |
| Chloride (Cl) | ≤ 0.01% | ≤ 0.005% |
| Sulfate (SO₄) | ≤ 0.01% | ≤ 0.005% |
| Loss on Ignition | ~30-35% | ~30-35% |
| Shelf Life | ~2 years | ~2 years |
| Storage Temperature | Room temperature | Room temperature |
Yttrium Carbonate is available in various grades from technical (≥ 99%) to high purity (≥ 99.999%) . High purity grades are essential for optical, electronic, and phosphor applications .
6. APPLICATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL USES
6.1. Yttrium Oxide (Y₂O₃) Production (Most Important Application)
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Primary Precursor | Thermal decomposition yields high-purity Y₂O₃ |
| Ceramic Precursor | Used in advanced ceramic production |
| Catalyst Support | Used as catalyst support material |
| Optical Precursor | Used in optical material production |
Yttrium Carbonate is the primary precursor for yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) production . Upon heating, it decomposes to Y₂O₃, which is essential for electronic ceramics, phosphors, and optical applications .
6.2. Optical and Phosphor Applications
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Tri-Band Rare Earth Phosphors | Critical for LED and display applications |
| YAG Laser Crystals | Used in yttrium aluminum garnet laser crystals |
| Optical Glass | UV transmittance control and specialty glass |
| Imaging Systems | Used in display and imaging technologies |
High purity grades are the most important materials for tri-band rare earth phosphors .
6.3. Electronic and Magnetic Materials
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| YIG (Yttrium Iron Garnet) | Microwave filters and magnetic materials |
| Electronic Ceramics | Capacitors, insulators |
| Sputtering Targets | Precursor for Y₂O₃ sputtering targets |
| Semiconductor Doping | Used as a dopant in semiconductor systems |
Yttrium Carbonate is used in yttrium iron garnets (YIG), which are very effective microwave filters .
6.4. Catalyst Applications
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Catalyst Support | Used in catalytic applications |
| Chemical Synthesis | Used in catalytic processes |
| Petrochemical | Used in certain catalytic processes |
6.5. Nanotechnology
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Y₂O₃ Nanoparticles | Source material for nanoparticle production |
| Nanomaterials | Used in advanced nanomaterial synthesis |
7. ALTERNATIVE / EQUIVALENT PRODUCTS
| Product | Description | Preference Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Yttrium Oxide (Y₂O₃) | Direct use in ceramics and optics | Already oxidized form |
| Yttrium Nitrate (Y(NO₃)₃) | Soluble yttrium source | Water-soluble, easy processing |
| Yttrium Chloride (YCl₃) | Alternative soluble form | Water-soluble, different anion |
| Lanthanum Carbonate (La₂(CO₃)₃) | Similar rare earth carbonate functions | Different optical properties |
| Cerium Carbonate (Ce₂(CO₃)₃) | Alternative for optical and catalyst applications | Different catalytic properties |
8. SECTOR SUITABILITY TABLE
| Sector / Application | Suitability | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Catalysts | Suitable | Y₂O₃ catalyst production precursor |
| Optics & Lasers | High | YAG lasers, phosphors, optical glass |
| Electronics | High | YIG microwave filters, ceramic materials |
| Nanotechnology | Suitable | Y₂O₃ nanoparticle production |
| Research | Suitable | Laboratory reagent |
| Cosmetics | Not Suitable | Direct use not recommended |
| Food & Pharmaceuticals | Prohibited | Research use only |
9. COMMON NAMES
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Yttrium carbonate
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White carbonate powder
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Optical additive
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Yttrium salt
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Yttrium tricarbonate hydrate
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Rare earth carbonate
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Yttria precursor
10. PRODUCTION PROCESS
| Stage | Description |
|---|---|
| Starting Material | Yttrium-containing rare earth solutions or salts |
| Purification | Purification of yttrium salt solution |
| Precipitation | Carbonate precipitation with sodium carbonate or ammonium bicarbonate |
| Reaction | 2Y³⁺ + 3CO₃²⁻ → Y₂(CO₃)₃ ↓ |
| Filtration | Separation of precipitate from mother liquor |
| Washing | Washing to remove impurities |
| Drying | Drying at 100-150°C with controlled hydration |
| Grinding | Grinding to desired particle size |
| Packaging | Packaging |
Reaction Equation:
2YCl₃ + 3Na₂CO₃ → Y₂(CO₃)₃ + 6NaCl
Production Types: Technical and high purity grades
Major Producing Countries: China, India, United States
Commercial Purity: Ranges from 99% to 99.999%
11. SAFETY AND TOXICOLOGY
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| GHS Classification | Not classified as hazardous under CLP |
| Hazard Codes | Xi (Irritant) |
| Risk Statements | R36/37/38 (Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin) |
| Safety Statements | S26, S37/39 |
| Signal Word | None |
| UN Number | Not classified as dangerous for transport |
| NFPA 704 | Health: 0, Fire: 0, Reactivity: 0 |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| Carcinogenicity | Not classified |
| TSCA | Yes |
SPECIAL WARNINGS: Yttrium Carbonate Hydrate is not classified as hazardous under CLP . However, it may cause irritation to eyes, respiratory system, and skin (R36/37/38) . Avoid dust formation and inhalation. Use appropriate personal protective equipment (dust mask, gloves, safety goggles) . All products are for research and development use only; not for therapeutic or food applications .
12. TRANSPORT INFORMATION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| UN Number | Not classified as dangerous for transport |
| Hazard Class | Not classified |
| Packing Group | None |
| Proper Shipping Name | Yttrium Carbonate Hydrate |
| Marine Pollutant | No |
| ADR/RID Label | None |
Yttrium Carbonate Hydrate is not classified as dangerous for transport .
13. REGULATORY INFORMATION
| Region | Status |
|---|---|
| EU | REACH registered |
| Turkey (KKDİK) | Mandatory compliance; registration required |
| USA (TSCA) | Listed |
| EINECS | 609-958-8 |
| Customs Tariff Code | 2836.99.00.00 |
Yttrium Carbonate is registered in all major industrial markets. KKDİK registration is required for use in Turkey.
14. STORAGE AND HANDLING
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Storage Conditions | Cool, dry, well-ventilated area |
| Storage Temperature | Room temperature (+20°C) |
| Container Requirements | Tightly closed containers |
| Materials to Avoid | Strong acids, moisture |
| Shelf Life | ~2 years |
| Hygroscopicity | Not established |
| Packaging Options | 25 g, 50 g, 100 g, 250 g, 500 g, 1 kg, 5 kg |
Handling Notes:
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Avoid dust formation and inhalation
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Avoid skin and eye contact (use protective gloves and safety goggles)
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Use in well-ventilated areas
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Keep away from acids
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Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated area
15. FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Fire Hazard | Not flammable |
| Extinguishing Media | Water spray, CO₂, dry chemical powder |
| Special Hazards | Thermal decomposition releases CO₂ |
| Protective Equipment | Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), full protective clothing |
| Decomposition Products | Yttrium oxides, CO₂ |
Yttrium Carbonate Hydrate is not flammable.
16. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Personal Protection | Wear appropriate PPE (dust mask, safety goggles, protective clothing, gloves) |
| Ventilation | Increase ventilation |
| Containment | Prevent dust dispersion; contain spill |
| Cleaning Methods | Carefully sweep or vacuum; place in appropriate disposal container |
| Environmental Precautions | Prevent entry into drains, sewers, and water bodies |
| Waste Disposal | Dispose according to local regulations |
In case of spillage, appropriate personal protective equipment must be worn.
17. FIRST AID MEASURES
| Exposure Route | Action |
|---|---|
| Inhalation | Move person to fresh air. If respiratory irritation persists, seek medical attention. |
| Skin Contact | Wash with plenty of water and soap; remove contaminated clothing. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. |
| Eye Contact | Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contact lenses if present. Seek medical attention . |
| Ingestion | Rinse mouth with water. Do NOT induce vomiting. Seek medical attention. |
18. RAW MATERIALS AND DOWNSTREAM PRODUCTS
18.1. Raw Materials (Upstream)
| Raw Material | Description |
|---|---|
| Monazite Sand | Rare earth ore containing yttrium |
| Bastnäsite | Rare earth carbonate mineral |
| Xenotime | Yttrium-rich phosphate mineral |
| Yttrium Chloride (YCl₃) | Starting material for precipitation |
| Sodium Carbonate (Na₂CO₃) | Precipitation agent |
18.2. Downstream Products
| Product | Application |
|---|---|
| Yttrium Oxide (Y₂O₃) | Ceramics, phosphors, catalysts |
| YAG Crystals | Laser systems, optical applications |
| YIG (Yttrium Iron Garnet) | Microwave filters, magnetic materials |
| LED Phosphors | Lighting, display technologies |
| Yttrium-Based Catalysts | Petrochemical, chemical synthesis |
| Y₂O₃ Nanoparticles | Nanotechnology, biomedical applications |
19. QUALITY CONTROL PARAMETERS
| Parameter | Analytical Method | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Purity (REO basis) | Titration / ICP | ≥ 99.99% |
| Yttrium Content | Gravimetric / ICP | Determined as Y₂O₃ |
| Carbonate Content | Gravimetric | CO₂ determination |
| Rare Earth Impurities | ICP-MS / ICP-OES | Detection of other lanthanides |
| Metal Impurities | ICP-MS / ICP-OES | Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Cu, etc. |
| Loss on Ignition | Gravimetric | Calcination to Y₂O₃ |
| Appearance | Visual | White powder or crystals |
| Particle Size | Laser Diffraction | Particle size distribution |
20. SUMMARY AND CRITICAL WARNINGS
SUMMARY:
Yttrium Carbonate Hydrate (Y₂(CO₃)₃·xH₂O, CAS 38245-39-5) is a white, crystalline powder with a molecular weight of approximately 357.84 g/mol on an anhydrous basis . It is insoluble in water but readily dissolves in dilute mineral acids . Thermal decomposition yields yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃).
Its most important application is as a precursor for yttrium oxide (Y₂O₃) used in electronic ceramics, phosphors, and optical applications . High purity grades are the most important materials for tri-band rare earth phosphors and yttrium-iron-garnets (YIG), which are very effective microwave filters . It is also used in YAG laser crystals, LED phosphors, catalysts, and nanotechnology.
The compound is not classified as hazardous under CLP . However, it may cause irritation to eyes, respiratory system, and skin . Not classified as dangerous for transport . Storage should be at room temperature in cool, dry, well-ventilated areas away from acids . Shelf life is approximately 2 years under proper storage conditions.
Key Properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Appearance | White powder or crystals |
| Chemical Formula | Y₂(CO₃)₃·xH₂O |
| Molecular Weight | ~357.84 g/mol (anhydrous) |
| CAS Number | 38245-39-5 |
| EC Number | 609-958-8 |
| Water Solubility | Insoluble |
| Primary Use | Y₂O₃ precursor, optical materials |
Major Application Areas:
| Sector | Applications |
|---|---|
| Optics & Lasers | YAG lasers, phosphors, optical glass |
| Electronics | YIG microwave filters, ceramic materials |
| Catalysts | Y₂O₃ catalyst production |
| Nanotechnology | Y₂O₃ nanoparticles |
| Research | Laboratory reagent |
Key Safety Points:
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NOT HAZARDOUS: Not classified as hazardous under CLP
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IRRITANT: May cause eye, skin, and respiratory irritation
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STORAGE: Room temperature, dry, well-ventilated
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USAGE: Research use only; not for therapeutic applications
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PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: Gloves, safety goggles, dust mask
CRITICAL WARNINGS:
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PHOSPHOR AND OPTICAL APPLICATIONS: Yttrium Carbonate is critical for tri-band rare earth phosphors and YAG laser crystals. High purity (99.99% and above) is essential for optical performance .
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YIG MAGNETIC MATERIALS: Yttrium Carbonate is a key source for yttrium iron garnet (YIG) production, used in microwave filters and electronic applications .
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NOT CLASSIFIED AS HAZARDOUS: Yttrium Carbonate Hydrate is not classified as hazardous under CLP. NFPA health, fire, and reactivity risks are rated 0 .
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Y₂O₃ PRECURSOR: This compound is the primary precursor for yttrium oxide production . Carbonate quality directly affects the purity and properties of the final Y₂O₃ product.
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PURITY GRADES: High purity (99.9% - 99.99%) grades are available for optical, electronic, and phosphor applications . Technical grades are suitable for catalyst and ceramic applications.
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USAGE RESTRICTIONS: All products are for research and development use only; not approved for food, cosmetics, or pharmaceuticals .
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STORAGE: Store at room temperature in cool, dry, well-ventilated areas in tightly closed containers .
Important Disclaimer: This Technical Data Sheet (TDS) is for informational purposes only. The information provided is based on available data and is believed to be accurate. However, the user is solely responsible for determining the suitability of the product for their specific applications and for complying with all applicable regulations and safety requirements. For complete safety, handling, storage, and regulatory compliance information, always refer to the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier. All local, national, and international regulations must be followed when working with Yttrium Carbonate Hydrate.
