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NEODYMIUM HYDROXIDE
1. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION AND CHEMICAL IDENTITY
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Product Name | Neodymium Hydroxide |
| Chemical Name | Neodymium(III) Hydroxide |
| Other Names | Neodymium Hydroxide Powder, NdFeB Precursor, Laser Dopant Hydroxide, Light Pink Rare Earth Salt |
| CAS Number | 16469-17-3 |
| EC Number (EINECS) | 240-514-4 |
| Chemical Formula | Nd(OH)₃ |
| Molecular Weight | 195.27 g/mol |
| Appearance | Light pink-white crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Physical State (20°C) | Solid (crystalline powder) |
2. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
2.1. Molecular Structure
Neodymium hydroxide is the hydroxide compound of the rare earth element neodymium. It consists of neodymium ions (Nd³⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in a 1:3 ratio. It is insoluble in water but readily dissolves in mineral acids, forming neodymium salts. It is not hygroscopic and is stable under dry conditions. It has a hexagonal crystal structure.
Structural Features:
NEODYMIUM HYDROXIDE [Nd(OH)₃]
|
Nd³⁺ - OH⁻ Ionic Bonds
|
+----------------+----------------+
| | |
Hexagonal Insoluble Soluble in
Crystal in Mineral
Structure Water Acids
2.2. Structural Properties
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Crystal System | Hexagonal |
| Molecular Weight | 195.27 g/mol |
| Density | ~4.2 g/cm³ |
| Appearance | Light pink-white crystalline powder |
| Melting Point | Decomposes upon thermal decomposition |
| pH (suspension) | Slightly basic (~8.0-9.0) |
3. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
| Property | Value | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | Light pink-white crystalline powder | Color intensity depends on purity |
| Odor | Odorless | - |
| Chemical Formula | Nd(OH)₃ | - |
| Molecular Weight | 195.27 g/mol | - |
| Density | ~4.2 g/cm³ | - |
| Melting Point | Decomposes upon thermal decomposition | - |
| Solubility in Water (25°C) | Insoluble | - |
| Solubility in Mineral Acids | Soluble | Forms neodymium salts |
| Solubility in Alcohol | Insoluble | - |
| pH (suspension) | Slightly basic (~8.0-9.0) | - |
| Stability | Not hygroscopic; stable under dry conditions | - |
| Hygroscopicity | Low | - |
4. PURITY GRADES
| Parameter | Technical Grade | High Purity Grade | Analytical Grade | Ultra-High Purity Grade |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Purity | ≥ 99.0% | ≥ 99.5% | ≥ 99.9% | ≥ 99.99% |
| Nd(OH)₃ Content | ≥ 99.0% | ≥ 99.5% | ≥ 99.9% | ≥ 99.99% |
| Other Rare Earths | ≤ 1.0% | ≤ 0.5% | ≤ 0.1% | ≤ 0.01% |
| Heavy Metals (Pb) | ≤ 50 ppm | ≤ 20 ppm | ≤ 10 ppm | ≤ 5 ppm |
| Iron (Fe) | ≤ 100 ppm | ≤ 50 ppm | ≤ 20 ppm | ≤ 10 ppm |
| Calcium (Ca) | ≤ 100 ppm | ≤ 50 ppm | ≤ 20 ppm | ≤ 10 ppm |
| Sodium (Na) | ≤ 1000 ppm | ≤ 500 ppm | ≤ 100 ppm | ≤ 50 ppm |
| Chloride (Cl⁻) | ≤ 0.1% | ≤ 0.05% | ≤ 0.02% | ≤ 0.01% |
| Sulfate (SO₄²⁻) | ≤ 0.2% | ≤ 0.1% | ≤ 0.05% | ≤ 0.02% |
| Nitrate (NO₃⁻) | ≤ 0.2% | ≤ 0.1% | ≤ 0.05% | ≤ 0.02% |
| Loss on Drying | ≤ 1.0% | ≤ 0.5% | ≤ 0.3% | ≤ 0.1% |
| Particle Size (D50) | 10-50 µm | 5-20 µm | 1-10 µm | < 5 µm |
5. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Chemical Stability | Not hygroscopic; stable under dry, closed conditions. |
| Conditions to Avoid | High temperatures (>300°C), strong acids, prolonged CO₂ exposure (carbonate formation). |
| Incompatible Materials | Strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, CO₂ (slow carbonation). |
| Hazardous Decomposition Products | At high temperatures: neodymium oxide (Nd₂O₃) and water vapor. |
| Hazardous Polymerization | Will not occur. |
| Hygroscopicity | Low; does not absorb moisture under normal conditions. |
5.1. Chemical Reactions
-
Thermal Decomposition:
2Nd(OH)₃ → Nd₂O₃ + 3H₂O↑ (at ~300-400°C) -
Reaction with Acids:
Nd(OH)₃ + 3HCl → NdCl₃ + 3H₂O
Nd(OH)₃ + 3HNO₃ → Nd(NO₃)₃ + 3H₂O -
Carbonation with CO₂ (Slow):
2Nd(OH)₃ + 3CO₂ → Nd₂(CO₃)₃ + 3H₂O (over time)
6. APPLICATION AREAS
6.1. NdFeB Magnet Production
| Application | Function | Details |
|---|---|---|
| NdFeB Magnet Production | Precursor for Nd₂O₃ via thermal conversion | Converted to Nd₂O₃ by calcination, used in Nd metal production. |
| Magnet Alloying | Nd source | Used as Nd₂O₃ after thermal decomposition in metallurgical processes. |
6.2. Laser Crystals and Optoelectronics
| Application | Function | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Nd:YAG Laser Crystals | Dopant | Critical component in solid-state laser systems. |
| Optical Amplifiers | Signal amplification | Used in fiber optic communication systems. |
6.3. Glass and Ceramic Industry
| Application | Function | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Glass Additive | Refractive index adjuster | Modifies the refractive index of special glasses. |
| Ceramic Glazes | Optical property modifier | Improves optical properties of glazes. |
6.4. Rare Earth Separation and Purification
| Application | Function | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Hydroxide Precipitation | Separation method | Used in separation of rare earth elements. |
| Purification | Impurity removal | Used in purification processes as a precursor to carbonate and oxide. |
6.5. Laboratory and Research
| Application | Function | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Analytical Reagent | Spectroscopic analysis | Used as a reference in spectroscopic analyses. |
| Synthesis Precursor | Starting material | Synthesis of other neodymium compounds. |
| Organic Synthesis | Nd source | Provides Nd³⁺ ion source by dissolving in acidic media. |
7. PRODUCTION PROCESS
7.1. Raw Material Sources
Neodymium hydroxide is produced from neodymium-containing solutions:
| Source Type | Neodymium Form | Major Regions |
|---|---|---|
| Neodymium Nitrate (Nd(NO₃)₃) | Soluble salt | China, India, USA |
| Neodymium Chloride (NdCl₃) | Soluble salt | China, India |
| Neodymium Sulfate | Soluble salt | China, Brazil |
7.2. Production Process Flow
Neodymium Nitrate or Chloride Solution
↓
Precipitation with Ammonium Hydroxide (NH₄OH) or Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
↓
Reaction: Nd³⁺ + 3OH⁻ → Nd(OH)₃↓
↓
Filtration (Separation of Precipitate)
↓
Washing (Removal of Impurities)
↓
Drying (Under Controlled Conditions)
↓
Neodymium Hydroxide Powder
↓
Packaging (Moisture-Proof)
7.3. Process Stages
| Stage | Description |
|---|---|
| 1. Solution Preparation | Neodymium nitrate or chloride is dissolved in pure water. |
| 2. Precipitation | Ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution is added to the solution. |
| 3. Reaction | Nd(OH)₃ precipitate is formed. |
| 4. Filtration | The precipitate is separated by vacuum filtration. |
| 5. Washing | The precipitate is washed with pure water to remove impurities. |
| 6. Drying | The precipitate is dried under controlled conditions at appropriate temperature. |
| 7. Packaging | Packaged in moisture-proof containers. |
8. SECTORAL SUITABILITY TABLE
| Sector | Suitability | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Electronics | Suitable | Used in magnets, lasers, and optoelectronic systems. |
| Glass and Ceramics | Suitable | Used as a refractive index additive. |
| Laboratory and R&D | Suitable | Used as a precipitation and analytical reagent. |
| Cosmetics | Not Suitable | Direct use is not appropriate. |
| Food and Pharmaceutical | Not Suitable | Prohibited due to hydroxide structure and metal content. |
| Nuclear | Limited | Limited use in specialized applications. |
9. COMPARISON WITH ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS
| Application Area | Alternative Materials | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Thermal Conversion | Neodymium Carbonate (Nd₂(CO₃)₃) | Similarly used for Nd₂O₃ production. |
| Soluble Nd Source | Neodymium Nitrate (Nd(NO₃)₃) | Water-soluble form; hydroxide is insoluble. |
| Optical Applications | Praseodymium Hydroxide (Pr(OH)₃) | Similar optical applications; different color tones. |
| Ceramics and Coating | Zirconium Hydroxide (Zr(OH)₄) | Lower cost alternative. |
10. SAFETY AND TOXICOLOGY
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50, Rat) | > 2,000 mg/kg (low toxicity) |
| Dermal Toxicity | Low |
| Skin Irritation | Mild irritant |
| Eye Irritation | Mild to moderate irritant |
| Inhalation | Dust inhalation may cause respiratory tract irritation. |
| Carcinogenicity | Not classified as carcinogenic. |
| Mutagenicity | Not mutagenic. |
| Chronic Effects | Rare earth compounds have low bioavailability; however, high doses may cause liver effects. |
| Environmental Hazards | Moderate aquatic toxicity. |
11. GHS CLASSIFICATION
| Hazard Class | Category | H-Statement |
|---|---|---|
| Skin Irritation | Category 2 | H315: Causes skin irritation. |
| Eye Irritation | Category 2A | H319: Causes serious eye irritation. |
| Specific Target Organ Toxicity | Category 3 | H335: May cause respiratory irritation. |
| Hazardous to the Aquatic Environment | Category 3 | H402: Harmful to aquatic life. |
Signal Word: WARNING
Hazard Pictograms: GHS07 (Exclamation Mark)
UN Number: 3077 (Environmentally hazardous substance)
12. PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS (P-CODES)
| Code | Statement |
|---|---|
| P261 | Avoid breathing dust. |
| P264 | Wash thoroughly after handling. |
| P271 | Use only in well-ventilated areas. |
| P280 | Wear protective gloves/eye protection/face protection. |
| P302+P352 | IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water. |
| P304+P340 | IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing. |
| P305+P351+P338 | IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. |
| P337+P313 | If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. |
| P501 | Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local regulations. |
13. FIRST AID MEASURES
| Exposure Route | Action to Take |
|---|---|
| Inhalation | Remove to fresh air. If symptoms persist, seek medical attention. |
| Skin Contact | Wash with plenty of soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. |
| Eye Contact | Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contact lenses. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. |
| Ingestion | Rinse mouth. Drink plenty of water. If large amount is swallowed, seek medical attention. |
14. STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE
| Parameter | Condition |
|---|---|
| Storage Conditions | Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area. |
| Container Requirements | Moisture-proof, tightly closed containers. Protect from CO₂ exposure. |
| Temperature | Room temperature (15-25°C). |
| Shelf Life | 24-36 months under appropriate conditions (due to stable structure). |
| Stability Note | Not hygroscopic; stable under normal conditions. Prolonged CO₂ exposure may cause slow carbonation. |
15. PACKAGING OPTIONS
| Packaging Type | Quantity | Material |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum Foil Bag | 1 kg, 5 kg, 10 kg | Double-layered, moisture-proof. |
| Fiber Drum | 25 kg, 50 kg | PE-lined, moisture-proof. |
| Plastic Barrel | 25 kg, 50 kg | HDPE barrel, moisture-proof. |
| Glass Bottle | 100 g, 500 g, 1 kg | Amber glass bottle, sealed with airtight cap. |
16. TRANSPORT INFORMATION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| UN Number | 3077 (Environmentally hazardous substance) |
| Hazard Class | 9 (Miscellaneous dangerous substances) |
| Packing Group | III |
| ADR/RID | Regulated. |
| IMDG | Regulated. |
| IATA | Regulated. |
| HS Code | 2846.90.00.00.19 (Other rare earth compounds) |
17. REGULATORY STATUS
| Region / Authority | Status |
|---|---|
| European Union (REACH) | Registered. |
| Turkey (KKDIK) | Compliance required. |
| TSCA (USA) | Registered. |
| EINECS | 240-514-4. |
| China (REACH equivalent) | Registered; major production and export country. |
18. OTHER NAMES AND SYNONYMS
-
Neodymium Hydroxide Powder
-
Light Pink Rare Earth Salt
-
NdFeB Precursor
-
Laser Dopant Hydroxide
-
Neodymium(III) Hydroxide
-
Neodim Hydroxide
19. QUICK REFERENCE TABLE
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| CAS Number | 16469-17-3 |
| EC Number | 240-514-4 |
| Chemical Formula | Nd(OH)₃ |
| Molecular Weight | 195.27 g/mol |
| Appearance | Light pink-white crystalline powder |
| Density | ~4.2 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | Decomposes upon thermal decomposition |
| Solubility in Water | Insoluble |
| UN Number | 3077 |
| HS Code | 2846.90.00.00.19 |
| GHS Signal Word | WARNING |
20. CRITICAL WARNINGS AND BEST PRACTICES
CRITICAL WARNINGS:
-
Thermal Decomposition: Above ~300-400°C, calcination releases neodymium oxide (Nd₂O₃) and water vapor. Ventilation is important during thermal processing.
-
Acid Reactivity: Reacts with strong acids, providing neutralization. Acid addition must be controlled.
-
Carbonation: Prolonged CO₂ exposure may cause slow carbonation.
-
Incompatibility: Reacts with strong acids and oxidizing agents.
-
Eye and Skin Irritation: Powder form may cause irritation to skin and eyes. Protective equipment is recommended during use.
-
Environmental Impact: Release into aquatic environments must be prevented.
BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:
-
Storage:
-
Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
-
Use moisture-proof containers.
-
Keep away from acids and oxidizing agents.
-
Keep tightly closed to prevent CO₂ exposure.
-
Store at room temperature (15-25°C).
-
-
Handling:
-
Use in well-ventilated areas.
-
Use a dust mask (N95 or better), protective goggles, and gloves.
-
Avoid dust formation and inhalation.
-
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
-
When dissolving in acids, add acid slowly.
-
-
Waste Management:
-
Dispose of in accordance with local regulations.
-
Do not discharge into water sources.
-
For large quantities, rare earth recovery should be considered (valuable metal).
-
LEGAL DISCLAIMER
This Technical Data Sheet (TDS) is for informational purposes only and has been prepared based on available technical data. The user is solely responsible for determining the suitability of the product for their specific applications and for complying with all local, national, and international regulations. For complete safety, storage, handling, transport, disposal, and regulatory compliance information, the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier must be consulted. This document does not substitute professional advice. Neodymium hydroxide, although stable under dry conditions, reacts with acids; it is classified as an environmentally hazardous substance (UN 3077).
