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Send EmailNeodymium Sulfate, Neodymium Sulfate Hydrate, Neodymium Sulfate, 10101-95-8
NEODYMIUM SULFATE (NEODYMIUM(III) SULFATE)
Chemical Name: Neodymium(III) Sulfate / Neodymium Sulfate
CAS Number: 10101-95-8
EC Number: 233-262-1
UN Number: Not classified as dangerous goods
Customs Tariff Code: 2846.90.00.00.19
1. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION AND CHEMICAL IDENTITY
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name (IUPAC) | Neodymium(III) sulfate octahydrate |
| Other Names | Neodymium Sulfate, Neodymium(III) Sulfate, Nd₂(SO₄)₃·8H₂O |
| CAS Number | 10101-95-8 |
| EC Number (EINECS) | 233-262-1 |
| Molecular Formula | Nd₂(SO₄)₃·xH₂O (typically 8H₂O) |
| Molecular Weight | ~712.24 g/mol (octahydrate) |
| Chemical Class | Inorganic sulfate / Rare earth metal sulfate |
| Appearance | Pink crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Crystal Structure | Monoclinic (C2/c) |
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND DESCRIPTION:
Neodymium Sulfate (Nd₂(SO₄)₃·8H₂O) is the sulfate salt of neodymium in the +3 oxidation state. It is typically found as an octahydrate (containing 8 water molecules of crystallization). The compound is water-soluble and characterized by its distinctive pink color. Neodymium Sulfate serves as a soluble neodymium source for applications requiring aqueous processing. It is used in Nd-Fe-B magnet production, glass and ceramic additives, laser crystals, and rare earth separation processes.
Structural Features:
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Monoclinic crystal structure (C2/c)
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Hydrated form (typically 8H₂O)
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Water-soluble
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Characteristic pink color
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Hygroscopic
2. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | Nd₂(SO₄)₃·8H₂O |
| Molecular Weight | ~712.24 g/mol (octahydrate) |
| Anhydrous Molecular Weight | 576.22 g/mol |
| Appearance | Pink crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | ~2.85 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | ~700°C (decomposes) |
| Solubility in Water | ~8 g/100 mL (at 20°C) |
| Solubility in Water (Anhydrous) | ~2.5 g/100 mL (at 20°C) |
| pH (Aqueous Solution) | Weakly acidic (~4-5, 5% solution) |
| Hygroscopicity | Hygroscopic |
| Crystal Structure | Monoclinic (C2/c) |
| Magnetic Properties | Paramagnetic |
| Thermal Decomposition | Decomposes to Nd₂O₃ at >700°C |
Neodymium Sulfate is a pink, odorless, crystalline powder with a density of approximately 2.85 g/cm³. It is soluble in water at approximately 8 g/100 mL at 20°C. Due to its hygroscopic nature, it must be protected from moisture. It adopts a monoclinic crystal structure, exhibits paramagnetic properties, and thermally decomposes to neodymium oxide (Nd₂O₃).
3. SOLUBILITY PROFILE
| Solvent | Solubility | Conditions |
|---|---|---|
| Water | Soluble | ~8 g/100 mL at 20°C |
| Water (Hydrated Form) | Soluble | ~9.2 g/100 mL at 20°C |
| Water (Anhydrous Form) | Soluble | ~2.5 g/100 mL at 20°C |
| Ethanol | Slightly soluble | - |
| Acetone | Insoluble | - |
| Organic Solvents | Insoluble | - |
Neodymium Sulfate is moderately soluble in water, with a solubility of approximately 8 g/100 mL at 20°C. Solubility increases with temperature. It is slightly soluble in ethanol and insoluble in acetone and other organic solvents. Its water solubility makes it a suitable neodymium source for aqueous processes and precipitation reactions.
4. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Class | Inorganic sulfate / Rare earth metal sulfate |
| Oxidation State | Nd³⁺ (+3) |
| Hydrolysis | Weak hydrolysis in aqueous solution |
| Thermal Decomposition | >700°C: Nd₂(SO₄)₃ → Nd₂O₃ + 3SO₂ + O₂ |
| Precipitation | Suitable for oxalate, carbonate, and hydroxide precipitation |
| Complex Formation | Forms complexes with various ligands |
| Hygroscopicity | Absorbs moisture, dissolves in water |
Neodymium Sulfate is a typical rare earth sulfate. It exhibits weak hydrolysis in aqueous solution. Upon heating, it first loses water of crystallization, then decomposes at high temperatures (>700°C) to neodymium oxide (Nd₂O₃). It is suitable for oxalate, carbonate, and hydroxide precipitation reactions.
Key Chemical Reactions:
Synthesis (Acid Dissolution):
Nd₂O₃ + 3H₂SO₄ → Nd₂(SO₄)₃ + 3H₂O
Thermal Decomposition:
Nd₂(SO₄)₃ → Nd₂O₃ + 3SO₂ + O₂ (>700°C)
Hydroxide Precipitation:
Nd₂(SO₄)₃ + 6NaOH → 2Nd(OH)₃ ↓ + 3Na₂SO₄
Oxalate Precipitation:
Nd₂(SO₄)₃ + 3H₂C₂O₄ → Nd₂(C₂O₄)₃ ↓ + 3H₂SO₄
5. SPECIFICATIONS (TECHNICAL AND HIGH PURITY)
| Parameter | Technical Grade | High Purity |
|---|---|---|
| Purity (Nd₂(SO₄)₃·8H₂O) | ≥ 99.0% | ≥ 99.9% - 99.99% |
| Appearance | Pink powder | Pink crystalline powder |
| Neodymium Oxide (Nd₂O₃) | Calculated | Calculated |
| Other Rare Earth Elements | ≤ 0.5% | ≤ 0.01% - 0.001% |
| Iron (Fe) | ≤ 0.01% | ≤ 0.001% |
| Calcium (Ca) | ≤ 0.01% | ≤ 0.001% |
| Magnesium (Mg) | ≤ 0.01% | ≤ 0.001% |
| Chloride (Cl) | ≤ 0.01% | ≤ 0.005% |
| Nitrate (NO₃) | ≤ 0.01% | ≤ 0.005% |
| Insoluble Matter | ≤ 0.1% | ≤ 0.01% |
| Loss on Drying (105°C) | ~20-22% | ~20-22% |
| pH (5% Solution) | ~4-5 | ~4-5 |
Neodymium Sulfate is manufactured in various grades from technical (≥ 99%) to high purity (≥ 99.99%). High purity grades (99.99% and above) are essential for optical, laser, and electronic applications. Technical grades are suitable for metallurgical and glass additive applications.
6. APPLICATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL USES
6.1. Nd-Fe-B Magnet Production
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Water-Soluble Nd Source | Soluble neodymium source for Nd-Fe-B magnet production |
| Precursor Material | Starting material for Nd metal or Nd oxide production |
| Alloy Additive | Raw material for neodymium-containing alloys |
Neodymium Sulfate is an important soluble neodymium source in Nd-Fe-B magnet production. Its water solubility allows easy use in aqueous processes and precipitation routes for high-purity neodymium compounds.
6.2. Glass and Ceramic Applications
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Glass Coloring | Imparts pink-purple color to glass |
| UV Filtering | Production of UV-absorbing glass |
| Optical Glass Production | Refractive index adjuster and UV transmittance control |
| Ceramic Pigments | Purple-toned ceramic pigment formulations |
| Decorative Glass | Artistic glassware and stained glass |
Neodymium Sulfate is used in glass coloring and UV filtering applications. Neodymium ions impart a characteristic pink-purple color to glass and are used in the production of UV-absorbing glass.
6.3. Laser Crystals
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Nd:YAG Crystals | Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser crystals |
| Nd:YLF Crystals | Neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride laser crystals |
| Laser Glass | Nd-doped laser glass production |
Neodymium Sulfate is used as a neodymium source in the production of Nd:YAG and Nd:YLF laser crystals. High purity is critical for laser performance.
6.4. Rare Earth Separation and Purification
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Sulfate Precipitation | Separation of rare earth elements via sulfate precipitation |
| Ion Exchange | Used in rare earth separation processes |
| Purification | Production of high-purity neodymium compounds |
Neodymium Sulfate is used in rare earth separation processes. Sulfate precipitation is a classic method for separating rare earth elements from each other.
6.5. Pigment and Dye Applications
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Pigment Additive | Purple-toned pigment formulations |
| Dye Additive | Specialty dye and coating formulations |
| Ceramic Glazes | Colorant additive for ceramic glazes |
6.6. Laboratory and Research Applications
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Spectroscopic Analysis | UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy reference standard |
| Coordination Chemistry | Model compound for lanthanide coordination studies |
| Materials Science | Precursor for advanced materials |
7. ALTERNATIVE / EQUIVALENT PRODUCTS
| Product | Description | Preference Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Neodymium Nitrate (Nd(NO₃)₃) | Soluble Nd source | Higher solubility, different anion effects |
| Neodymium Chloride (NdCl₃) | Soluble Nd source | Chloride ion, different chemical behavior |
| Neodymium Oxide (Nd₂O₃) | Thermal conversion Nd source | Insoluble in water, thermal applications |
| Praseodymium Sulfate (Pr₂(SO₄)₃) | Similar optical and synthesis applications | Different optical properties |
| Zirconium Sulfate (Zr(SO₄)₂) | Alternative for glass and ceramic additives | Different metal, different applications |
8. SECTOR SUITABILITY TABLE
| Sector | Suitability | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Electronics | High | Magnets, lasers, filter systems |
| Glass & Ceramics | High | Color and UV control additive |
| Laboratory & R&D | High | Reagent and analytical standard |
| Pigment & Dye | Medium | Purple-toned additive |
| Rare Earth Separation | High | Sulfate precipitation and purification |
| Cosmetics | Not Suitable | Direct use not recommended |
| Food & Pharmaceuticals | Prohibited | Not permitted due to sulfate structure |
9. COMMON NAMES
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Neodymium sulfate salt
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Pink crystalline powder
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Nd-Fe-B precursor
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Glass additive sulfate
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Rare earth sulfate
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Neodymium sulfate crystal
10. PRODUCTION PROCESS
| Stage | Description |
|---|---|
| Starting Material | Neodymium oxide (Nd₂O₃) or neodymium carbonate |
| Acid Dissolution | Dissolving neodymium oxide or carbonate in sulfuric acid |
| Reaction | Nd₂O₃ + 3H₂SO₄ → Nd₂(SO₄)₃ + 3H₂O |
| Concentration | Evaporation to concentrate the solution |
| Crystallization | Controlled cooling crystallization |
| Filtration | Separation of crystals from mother liquor |
| Washing | Washing to remove impurities |
| Drying | Drying at room temperature or 50-60°C |
| Grinding | Grinding to desired particle size |
| Packaging | Packaging |
Reaction Equation:
Nd₂O₃ + 3H₂SO₄ → Nd₂(SO₄)₃ + 3H₂O
or
Nd₂(CO₃)₃ + 3H₂SO₄ → Nd₂(SO₄)₃ + 3CO₂↑ + 3H₂O
Production Types: Technical and high purity grades (octahydrate form)
Major Producing Countries: China, India, United States
Commercial Purity: Ranges from 99% to 99.999%
11. SAFETY AND TOXICOLOGY
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| GHS Classification | GHS07 (Warning) |
| Hazard Statements | H315 (Skin irritation), H319 (Serious eye irritation), H335 (Respiratory tract irritation) |
| Precautionary Statements | P261, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338 |
| Signal Word | Warning |
| Skin Irritation | Irritant |
| Eye Irritation | Irritant |
| Inhalation | Respiratory tract irritation |
| Carcinogenicity | Not classified |
| Ecotoxicity | Low to moderate aquatic toxicity |
SPECIAL WARNINGS: Neodymium Sulfate is generally considered of low toxicity. However, as with all chemicals, appropriate handling procedures should be followed. It may cause irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Inhalation of dust should be avoided. The compound is not classified as carcinogenic. Not classified as dangerous goods for transport.
12. TRANSPORT INFORMATION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| UN Number | None (Not dangerous goods) |
| Hazard Class | None |
| Packing Group | None |
| Proper Shipping Name | Neodymium Sulfate |
| Marine Pollutant | No |
| ADR/RID Label | None |
Neodymium Sulfate is not classified as dangerous goods for transport. No special restrictions apply for transport by sea, land, or air.
13. REGULATORY INFORMATION
| Region | Status |
|---|---|
| EU | REACH registered |
| Turkey (KKDİK) | Mandatory compliance; registration required |
| USA (TSCA) | Listed |
| EINECS | 233-262-1 |
| Customs Tariff Code | 2846.90.00.00.19 |
Neodymium Sulfate is registered in all major industrial markets. KKDİK registration is required for use in Turkey. It is classified under customs tariff code 2846.90.00.00.19.
14. STORAGE AND HANDLING
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Storage Conditions | Cool, dry, well-ventilated area |
| Container Requirements | Tightly closed containers |
| Materials to Avoid | Moisture, strong oxidizers |
| Shelf Life | 24-36 months (under proper storage) |
| Hygroscopicity | Hygroscopic |
| Handling Notes | Avoid dust formation; avoid skin, eye, and respiratory contact |
| Packaging Options | 100 g, 500 g, 1 kg, 5 kg, 25 kg |
Handling Notes:
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Avoid dust formation and inhalation
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Avoid skin and eye contact (use protective gloves and safety goggles)
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Use in well-ventilated areas
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Keep away from moisture and oxidizers
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Use under fume hood or with adequate ventilation
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Due to hygroscopic nature, store in dry conditions
15. FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Fire Hazard | Not flammable |
| Extinguishing Media | Water spray, CO₂, dry chemical powder |
| Special Hazards | May release toxic sulfur oxide fumes at high temperatures |
| Protective Equipment | Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), full protective clothing |
| Decomposition Products | Sulfur oxides, neodymium oxides |
Neodymium Sulfate is not a flammable substance. In case of fire, protective clothing and SCBA must be used. Thermal decomposition may release sulfur oxides and neodymium oxides.
16. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Personal Protection | Wear appropriate PPE (dust mask, safety goggles, protective clothing, gloves) |
| Ventilation | Increase ventilation |
| Containment | Prevent dust dispersion; contain spill |
| Cleaning Methods | Carefully sweep or vacuum; place in appropriate disposal container |
| Environmental Precautions | Prevent entry into drains, sewers, and water bodies |
| Waste Disposal | Dispose according to local regulations |
In case of spillage, appropriate personal protective equipment must be worn. Clean up using dry methods. Due to its hygroscopic nature, avoid moisture contact.
17. FIRST AID MEASURES
| Exposure Route | Action |
|---|---|
| Inhalation | Move person to fresh air. If respiratory irritation persists, seek medical attention. |
| Skin Contact | Wash with plenty of water and soap; remove contaminated clothing. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. |
| Eye Contact | Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contact lenses if present. Seek medical attention. |
| Ingestion | Rinse mouth with water. Drink plenty of water. Do NOT induce vomiting. Seek medical attention. |
Special Notes:
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Neodymium salts are considered of low acute toxicity
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Medical personnel should be informed about sulfate salt exposure
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In case of ingestion, do not induce vomiting due to possible aspiration risk
18. RAW MATERIALS AND DOWNSTREAM PRODUCTS
18.1. Raw Materials (Upstream)
| Raw Material | Description |
|---|---|
| Monazite Sand | Rare earth element ore containing neodymium |
| Bastnäsite | Rare earth carbonate mineral |
| Neodymium Oxide (Nd₂O₃) | Starting material for acid dissolution |
| Neodymium Carbonate (Nd₂(CO₃)₃) | Alternative starting material |
| Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄) | Acid source |
18.2. Downstream Products
| Product | Application |
|---|---|
| Neodymium Oxide (Nd₂O₃) | Produced by thermal decomposition |
| Neodymium Hydroxide (Nd(OH)₃) | Produced by precipitation |
| Neodymium Oxalate (Nd₂(C₂O₄)₃) | Produced by precipitation |
| Nd-Fe-B Magnets | Motors, generators, HDD, sensors |
| Nd:YAG/YLF Crystals | Laser systems, medical devices |
| Rare Earth Compounds | Purification processes |
19. QUALITY CONTROL PARAMETERS
| Parameter | Analytical Method | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Purity | Titration / ICP | Complexometric titration or ICP analysis |
| Neodymium Content | Gravimetric / ICP | Determined as Nd₂O₃ |
| Sulfate Content | Gravimetric | Barium sulfate precipitation |
| Rare Earth Impurities | ICP-MS / ICP-OES | Detection of other lanthanides |
| Metal Impurities | ICP-MS / ICP-OES | Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Cu, etc. |
| pH (Aqueous Solution) | pH Meter | ~4-5 (5% solution) |
| Loss on Drying | Gravimetric | Drying at 105°C |
| Insoluble Matter | Gravimetric | Filtration and weighing |
| Particle Size | Laser Diffraction | Particle size distribution |
| Crystal Structure | XRD | Monoclinic phase control |
20. SUMMARY AND CRITICAL WARNINGS
SUMMARY:
Neodymium Sulfate (Nd₂(SO₄)₃·8H₂O, CAS 10101-95-8) is a pink, odorless, crystalline powder with a molecular weight of ~712.24 g/mol (octahydrate) and density of approximately 2.85 g/cm³. It is soluble in water at ~8 g/100 mL at 20°C. Due to its hygroscopic nature, it must be protected from moisture. Thermal decomposition yields neodymium oxide (Nd₂O₃).
Its most important application is as a soluble neodymium source in Nd-Fe-B magnet production. It is also used in glass and ceramic additives as a colorant and UV filter, as a dopant in Nd:YAG and Nd:YLF laser crystals, in rare earth separation processes via sulfate precipitation, and as a laboratory reagent.
The compound is classified as GHS07 (Warning). It may cause skin irritation, serious eye irritation, and respiratory tract irritation. Not classified as dangerous goods. Storage should be in cool, dry, well-ventilated areas away from moisture and oxidizers. Shelf life is 24-36 months under proper storage conditions.
Key Properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Appearance | Pink crystalline powder |
| Chemical Formula | Nd₂(SO₄)₃·8H₂O |
| Molecular Weight | ~712.24 g/mol |
| CAS Number | 10101-95-8 |
| EC Number | 233-262-1 |
| Density | ~2.85 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | ~700°C (decomposes) |
| Water Solubility | ~8 g/100 mL (20°C) |
| Hygroscopicity | Hygroscopic |
| Primary Use | Nd-Fe-B precursor, glass additive |
Major Application Areas:
| Sector | Applications |
|---|---|
| Electronics | Nd-Fe-B magnets, laser systems |
| Glass & Ceramics | Coloring, UV filtering |
| Laboratory & R&D | Analytical reagent, coordination chemistry |
| Rare Earth Separation | Sulfate precipitation, purification |
| Pigment & Dye | Purple-toned additive |
Key Safety Points:
-
IRRITANT: Skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritation
-
HYGROSCOPIC: Protect from moisture
-
STORAGE: Cool, dry, well-ventilated
-
INCOMPATIBLE: Strong oxidizers
-
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: Gloves, safety goggles, dust mask
-
TRANSPORT: Not dangerous goods
CRITICAL WARNINGS:
-
SOLUBLE Nd SOURCE: Neodymium Sulfate's water solubility makes it an ideal neodymium source for aqueous processes and precipitation reactions. This property makes it valuable for Nd-Fe-B magnet production and rare earth separation processes.
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HYGROSCOPIC NATURE: Due to its hygroscopic nature, it must be protected from moisture. Prolonged exposure to air can cause mass changes and dissolution. Dry conditions must be maintained during storage.
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GLASS COLORING: Neodymium Sulfate is used in the glass industry as a characteristic pink-purple colorant. Neodymium ions are also used in the production of UV-absorbing glass.
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THERMAL DECOMPOSITION: At >700°C, the sulfate decomposes to neodymium oxide (Nd₂O₃). This property can be used for the production of high-purity Nd₂O₃.
-
CUSTOMS CLASSIFICATION: The correct customs tariff code is 2846.90.00.00.19. Correct classification is essential for international trade, with potential country-specific restrictions for rare earth compounds.
-
LASER APPLICATIONS: High purity (99.99% and above) is required for Nd:YAG and Nd:YLF laser crystal production. Trace impurities directly affect laser performance (efficiency, lifetime, thermal properties).
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RARE EARTH SEPARATION: Sulfate precipitation is a classic and effective method for separating rare earth elements. Neodymium Sulfate is used both as a reagent and as an intermediate in these processes.
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PRECIPITATION REACTIONS: Neodymium Sulfate is a suitable starting material for hydroxide, oxalate, and carbonate precipitations. These precipitations are used in the production of high-purity neodymium compounds.
-
PIGMENT APPLICATIONS: Neodymium Sulfate is used in ceramic and paint pigments for achieving purple tones. Color stability and heat resistance are important advantages in these applications.
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TRANSPORT: Not classified as dangerous goods provides logistical advantages. No UN number and not a marine pollutant.
Important Disclaimer: This Technical Data Sheet (TDS) is for informational purposes only. The information provided is based on available data and is believed to be accurate. However, the user is solely responsible for determining the suitability of the product for their specific applications and for complying with all applicable regulations and safety requirements. For complete safety, handling, storage, and regulatory compliance information, always refer to the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier. Users are responsible for testing the product in their own processes and applications. All local, national, and international regulations must be followed when working with Neodymium Sulfate. Due to its hygroscopic nature and diverse application areas, a detailed assessment should be conducted prior to use.
