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Send EmailPropyl Gallate, Propyl Trihydroxybenzoate, E310, 121-79-9
PROPYL GALLATE (E310)
PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Product Name | Propyl Gallate |
| Chemical Name | Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate |
| Synonyms (Turkish) | Propil Gallat, Propil Galik Asit, Propil Ttrihidroksibenzoat |
| Synonyms (English) | Propyl Gallate, Propyl Trihydroxybenzoate, Gallic Acid Propyl Ester, n-Propyl Gallate |
| E Number | E310 |
| CAS Number | 121-79-9 |
| Molecular Formula | C₁₀H₁₂O₅ |
| Molecular Weight | 212.20 g/mol |
| Appearance | White to off-white, crystalline powder |
| Odor | Odorless or slight characteristic odor |
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
Propyl Gallate
OH
|
HO—C₆H₂—COO—CH₂—CH₂—CH₃
|
OH
Molecular Formula: C₁₀H₁₂O₅
SMILES: CCCOC(=O)C1=CC(=C(C(=C1)O)O)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C10H12O5/c1-2-3-15-10(14)6-4-7(11)9(13)8(12)5-6/h4-5,11-13H,2-3H2,1H3
InChIKey: ZTHYODABOHPJCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Structure: Propyl ester of gallic acid; Contains three hydroxyl groups on the aromatic ring; Strong phenolic antioxidant; Lipophilic character.
SECTION 1: CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND DESCRIPTION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Product Name | Propyl Gallate |
| Chemical Name | Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate |
| Synonyms (Turkish) | Propil Gallat, Propil Galik Asit, Propil Ttrihidroksibenzoat |
| Synonyms (English) | Propyl Gallate, Propyl Trihydroxybenzoate, Gallic Acid Propyl Ester, n-Propyl Gallate |
| E Number | E310 |
| CAS Number | 121-79-9 |
| Molecular Formula | C₁₀H₁₂O₅ |
| Molecular Weight | 212.20 g/mol |
| Chemical Class | Phenolic antioxidant; Gallate ester; Food additive |
| Source | Synthetic (esterification of gallic acid with propanol) |
| Physical State (20°C) | Solid (crystalline powder) |
| Odor | Odorless or slight characteristic odor |
| Color | White to off-white |
| Taste | Slightly bitter, astringent |
SECTION 2: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
| Property | Value | Test Method / Note |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white crystalline powder | Visual |
| Odor | Odorless or slight characteristic odor | Olfactometric |
| Molecular Weight | 212.20 g/mol | Calculated |
| Density (20°C) | ~1.5 g/cm³ | ASTM D4052 |
| Melting Point | ~150°C | DSC |
| Boiling Point | Decomposes | – |
| Flash Point | ~187°C | – |
| Solubility in Water | Low (0.3 g/100 mL at 20°C) | General Method |
| Solubility in Ethanol | Soluble | General Method |
| Solubility in Methanol | Soluble | General Method |
| Solubility in Acetone | Soluble | General Method |
| Solubility in Propylene Glycol | Soluble | General Method |
| Solubility in Fats/Oils | Slightly soluble | General Method |
| Log P (Octanol/Water) | ~2.1 | – |
| pH (Saturated Solution) | ~5.0 | pH Meter |
| Stability | Sensitive to light and heat; Degrades upon oxidation | – |
| Antioxidant Activity | High (phenolic compound) | – |
| Heavy Metals (as Pb) | ≤ 10 ppm | AAS / ICP |
| Arsenic (As) | ≤ 2 ppm | AAS / ICP |
| Lead (Pb) | ≤ 2 ppm | AAS / ICP |
| Sulfated Ash | ≤ 0.1% | Gravimetric |
| Loss on Drying | ≤ 0.5% | Gravimetric (105°C) |
| Assay (Propyl Gallate) | ≥ 98.0% – 100.5% | HPLC / Titrimetric |
SECTION 3: PROPYL GALLATE vs OTHER SYNTHETIC ANTIOXIDANTS
| Property | Propyl Gallate (E310) | BHA (E320) | BHT (E321) | TBHQ (E319) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAS Number | 121-79-9 | 25013-16-5 | 128-37-0 | 1948-33-0 |
| Solubility | Fat-soluble | Fat-soluble | Fat-soluble | Fat-soluble |
| Antioxidant Power | Very high | High | High | Very high |
| Heat Stability | Moderate | Good | Good | Excellent |
| Color Stability | May cause discoloration | Good | Good | Good |
| Water Solubility | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Safety Profile | Moderate | Controversial | Controversial | Acceptable |
| Primary Use | Fats, oils, cosmetics | Fats, oils | Fats, oils | Frying oils |
SECTION 4: MECHANISM OF ACTION
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Antioxidant Mechanism | Scavenges free radicals; Donates hydrogen atoms to lipid peroxyl radicals; Breaks autoxidation chain reaction; Prevents lipid peroxidation. |
| Phenolic Structure | Three hydroxyl groups on the aromatic ring; Provides strong radical scavenging activity; Forms stable phenoxyl radicals after donation. |
| Lipophilic Character | Propyl ester group provides fat solubility; Effective in oils and fats; Works at oil-water interfaces. |
| Metal Chelation | Binds metal ions (iron, copper); Prevents metal-catalyzed oxidation; Synergistic effect with chelating agents. |
| Synergistic Effect | Works with other antioxidants (ascorbic acid, citric acid); Enhanced activity in combinations. |
| Autoxidation Inhibition | Prevents oxidation of unsaturated compounds; Protects against rancidity; Extends shelf life of fatty products. |
SECTION 5: PRODUCTION PROCESS
Method 1: Esterification of Gallic Acid
Reaction: Gallic Acid + Propanol → Propyl Gallate + Water
Description: Gallic acid (from plant tannins or synthetic) is esterified with n-propanol; Acid catalyst (sulfuric acid) is used; Reaction is carried out under reflux; Product is purified by crystallization; Yields white crystalline powder.
Method 2: Natural Extraction and Esterification
Process: Plant tannins → Hydrolysis → Gallic Acid → Esterification → Propyl Gallate
Description: Gallic acid is extracted from natural sources (tannins from plants); Purified gallic acid is esterified with propanol; Crystallization and drying.
Method 3: Direct Synthesis
Process: Gallic Acid + Propanol (with catalyst) → Propyl Gallate
Description: Direct esterification in the presence of acid catalyst; Industrially optimized process.
SECTION 6: FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Antioxidant (Food) | Prevents oxidation of fats and oils; Extends shelf life of fatty foods; Prevents rancidity; Used in margarine, meat products, sauces. |
| Cosmetic Ingredient | Neutralizes free radicals; Protects skin from oxidative damage; Anti-aging agent; Used in creams, lotions, makeup products. |
| Pharmaceutical Stabilizer | Stabilizes active ingredients; Prevents degradation; Extends shelf life of drug formulations. |
| Industrial Stabilizer | Stabilizes adhesives, lubricants, polymers; Prevents oxidation; Used in biodiesel, greases, and paints. |
| Feed Additive | Prevents oxidation in animal feed; Used in feed formulations; Subject to regulatory control. |
| Synergistic Agent | Enhances effectiveness of other antioxidants; Works with ascorbic acid, citric acid, tocopherols. |
SECTION 7: MAIN APPLICATION AREAS
| Industry / Application | Function | Typical Use |
|---|---|---|
| Food Industry (E310) | Antioxidant, preservative | Margarine, butter, cooking oils, meat products, sausages, sauces, snack foods; Maximum 200 mg/kg fat |
| Cosmetics | Antioxidant, skin protector | Creams, lotions, serums, sunscreens, makeup products, lipsticks; Dosage: 0.01 – 0.1% |
| Pharmaceutical | Stabilizer, antioxidant | Drug formulations, vitamin supplements, topical preparations; Dosage: 0.01 – 0.1% |
| Animal Feed | Antioxidant | Feed formulations; Dosage: 50 – 100 mg/kg feed (subject to regulations) |
| Industrial | Stabilizer | Adhesives, lubricants, greases, polymers, biodiesel, paints; Dosage: 0.1 – 0.5% |
| Beverages | Antioxidant | Limited use (low effectiveness in oil-free products; regulatory restrictions) |
SECTION 8: SAMPLE FORMULATIONS
Oil Antioxidant Blend:
| Component | Amount |
|---|---|
| Propyl Gallate (E310) | 100 – 200 mg/kg oil |
| Vegetable Oil | 100% |
| Citric Acid (Synergist) | 50 – 100 mg/kg oil |
Instructions: Dissolve propyl gallate in oil with gentle heating (40-50°C); Add citric acid for synergistic effect; Protect from light and heat.
Cosmetic Cream (100 g):
| Component | Amount |
|---|---|
| Propyl Gallate | 0.01 – 0.1 g |
| Emulsifiers | As required |
| Oils (Carrier) | As required |
| Water | To 100 g |
| Preservatives | As required |
Instructions: Dissolve propyl gallate in oil phase; Emulsify with water phase; Cool with mixing.
SECTION 9: QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS
| Parameter | Food Grade (E310) | Pharmaceutical Grade | Cosmetic Grade | Test Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | White to off-white powder | White to off-white powder | Visual |
| Assay (Propyl Gallate) | ≥ 98.0% – 100.5% | ≥ 99.0% | ≥ 98.0% | HPLC / Titrimetric |
| Melting Point | 146 – 150°C | 146 – 150°C | 146 – 150°C | DSC |
| Loss on Drying | ≤ 0.5% | ≤ 0.5% | ≤ 0.5% | Gravimetric |
| Sulfated Ash | ≤ 0.1% | ≤ 0.1% | ≤ 0.1% | Gravimetric |
| Heavy Metals (as Pb) | ≤ 10 ppm | ≤ 5 ppm | ≤ 10 ppm | AAS / ICP |
| Arsenic (As) | ≤ 2 ppm | ≤ 1 ppm | ≤ 2 ppm | AAS / ICP |
| Lead (Pb) | ≤ 2 ppm | ≤ 1 ppm | ≤ 2 ppm | AAS / ICP |
| Free Gallic Acid | ≤ 0.5% | ≤ 0.3% | ≤ 0.5% | HPLC |
| Particle Size | Customer requirement | Customer requirement | Customer requirement | Sieve / Laser |
SECTION 10: TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50, Rat) | ~ 3,600 mg/kg (moderate toxicity) |
| Acute Dermal Toxicity | May cause irritation |
| Skin Irritation | May cause irritation; Sensitization possible |
| Eye Irritation | May cause irritation |
| Chronic Toxicity | Moderate; Some studies show effects at high doses |
| Carcinogenicity | Not classified as carcinogenic; Some concerns |
| Mutagenicity | Not mutagenic |
| Reproductive Toxicity | No reproductive toxicity at normal levels |
| Allergenicity | May cause allergic reactions (eczema, skin rashes) |
| Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) | 1.4 mg/kg body weight |
| Special Toxicity Note | May cause allergic reactions (eczema, gastrointestinal issues, hyperactivity, liver damage, hormonal imbalances) in sensitive individuals; Caution for pregnant/nursing women; Metabolized to propanol and gallic acid in the intestine; Use within approved limits (200 mg/kg fat); GRAS status; E310 approved. |
SECTION 11: GHS CLASSIFICATION AND LABELING
GHS Classification (in accordance with CLP and UN GHS):
| Hazard Class | Category | H-Statement |
|---|---|---|
| Skin Irritation | Category 2 | H315 |
| Eye Irritation | Category 2 | H319 |
| Specific Target Organ Toxicity (Single Exposure) | Category 3 | H335 |
Signal Word: WARNING
Hazard Pictograms: GHS07 (Exclamation Mark)
Hazard Statements (H-Codes):
| Code | Statement |
|---|---|
| H315 | Causes skin irritation |
| H319 | Causes serious eye irritation |
| H335 | May cause respiratory irritation |
NFPA 704 Hazard Classification:
| Health | Flammability | Reactivity | Special |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 1 | 0 | - |
| (Moderate health hazard) | (Combustible) | (Stable) | (None) |
SECTION 12: PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS (P-CODES)
| Code | Statement |
|---|---|
| P261 | Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray |
| P264 | Wash hands thoroughly after handling |
| P271 | Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area |
| P280 | Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection |
| P302+P352 | IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water |
| P304+P340 | IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing |
| P305+P351+P338 | IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and continue rinsing |
| P312 | Call a POISON CENTER/doctor if you feel unwell |
| P332+P313 | If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention |
| P337+P313 | If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention |
| P362+P364 | Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse |
| P403+P233 | Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed |
| P501 | Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations |
SECTION 13: FIRST AID MEASURES
| Exposure Route | Action to Take |
|---|---|
| Inhalation | Remove to fresh air immediately. If respiratory irritation develops, seek medical attention. |
| Skin Contact | Wash with plenty of soap and water. If irritation persists, get medical attention. |
| Eye Contact | Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Keep eyelids open. Remove contact lenses if present. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. |
| Ingestion | Rinse mouth. Drink plenty of water. Seek medical attention if large quantities are ingested. |
SECTION 14: FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Fire Hazard | Combustible organic material. Dust cloud may form explosive mixture with air (if finely dispersed). |
| Hazards Arising from Fire | Thermal decomposition produces carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and irritating fumes. |
| Suitable Extinguishing Media | Water spray, CO₂, dry chemical powder, foam. |
| Unsuitable Extinguishing Media | Water jet (may spread dust) |
| Special Protective Equipment | Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), full protective clothing. |
| Special Precautions | Prevent dust from entering sewers and waterways. Avoid dust cloud formation. |
SECTION 15: STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Storage Conditions | Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area; PROTECT FROM LIGHT and HEAT; Keep away from direct sunlight and high temperatures. |
| Container Requirements | Tightly closed, light-proof, moisture-proof containers (aluminum foil-lined bags, HDPE containers, amber glass). |
| Materials to Protect From | Light, heat, strong oxidizing agents, moisture |
| Shelf Life | 24 – 48 months (in unopened original packaging, under proper storage conditions). |
| Stability Note | Sensitive to light and heat; May darken over time; Keep container tightly closed; Protect from excessive heat and light. |
| Special Storage Requirements | Store in a dark, cool, dry place; Avoid exposure to air and light; Opened containers must be resealed immediately. |
SECTION 16: PACKAGING OPTIONS
| Packaging Type | Quantity | Material |
|---|---|---|
| Multi-layer Paper Bag | 10 kg, 20 kg, 25 kg | PE-lined kraft paper bag (moisture-proof) |
| Plastic Bag | 5 kg, 10 kg, 25 kg | PE bag (inner-lined, sealed, moisture-proof) |
| Fiber Drum | 20 kg, 25 kg | PE-lined fiberboard drum |
| Plastic Drum | 25 kg, 50 kg | HDPE / Polypropylene (moisture-proof) |
| Aluminum Foil Bag | 1 kg, 5 kg, 10 kg | Aluminum foil laminated bag (light and moisture-proof) |
| FIBC / Big Bag | 500 kg, 1000 kg | PE-lined, moisture-resistant PP woven bag |
SECTION 17: TRANSPORT INFORMATION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| UN Number | Not regulated (non-hazardous) |
| Hazard Class | Not applicable |
| Packing Group | Not applicable |
| ADR/RID | Not regulated |
| IMDG Code | Not regulated (non-hazardous) |
| IATA (Air) | Not regulated (non-hazardous) |
| Marine Pollutant | No |
| Transport Temperature | Ambient temperature; Protect from moisture and light. |
SECTION 18: REGULATORY STATUS
| Region / Authority | Status |
|---|---|
| European Union | Food additive E310 approved by EFSA; ADI: 1.4 mg/kg; Some countries restrict use; Not classified as hazardous |
| USA (TSCA) | Listed (TSCA Inventory) |
| USA (FDA) | GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe); Food additive; 21 CFR 184.1660 |
| Turkey | Food additive E310; Subject to KKDIK regulation; Ministry of Agriculture approval required |
| IARC | Not classified (non-carcinogenic) |
| NTP | Not listed |
| OSHA | Regulated as irritant |
| California (Prop 65) | Not listed |
| Halal | Yes (with certification) |
| Kosher | Yes (with certification) |
| Vegan | Yes |
SECTION 19: OTHER NAMES AND SYNONYMS
| Type | Name |
|---|---|
| Turkish Names | Propil Gallat, Propil Galik Asit, Propil Ttrihidroksibenzoat |
| English Names | Propyl Gallate, Propyl Trihydroxybenzoate, Gallic Acid Propyl Ester, n-Propyl Gallate |
| Chemical Names | Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate; Propyl gallate ester |
| E Number | E310 |
| CAS Number | 121-79-9 |
| Molecular Formula | C₁₀H₁₂O₅ |
| HS Code | 2918.29 |
| Synonyms | n-Propyl gallate, Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, Gallic acid propyl ester, Tenox PG |
SECTION 20: SUMMARY TABLE
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Product | Propyl Gallate (E310) |
| CAS Number | 121-79-9 |
| E Number | E310 |
| Molecular Formula | C₁₀H₁₂O₅ |
| Molecular Weight | 212.20 g/mol |
| Appearance | White to off-white crystalline powder |
| Melting Point | ~150°C |
| Primary Function | Antioxidant, preservative |
| Main Application Areas | Food (E310), cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, animal feed, industrial |
| Shelf Life | 24 – 48 months |
| GHS Signal Word | WARNING |
| UN Number | Not regulated |
| Special Properties | Phenolic antioxidant; Fat-soluble; Strong free radical scavenger; ADI: 1.4 mg/kg; FDA GRAS; E310 approved |
SECTION 21: CRITICAL WARNINGS AND BEST PRACTICES
CRITICAL WARNINGS:
-
Causes skin irritation (H315) and serious eye irritation (H319). Wear protective equipment.
-
May cause respiratory irritation (H335). Avoid inhalation of dust. Use in well-ventilated areas.
-
Sensitive to light and heat – degrades upon oxidation; Store in tightly closed, light-proof containers.
-
Combustible – keep away from open flames and high heat. Dust cloud may form explosive mixture.
-
Fat-soluble – effective in oils and fats; Works in lipid systems.
-
ADI: 1.4 mg/kg body weight – maximum 200 mg/kg fat in food products.
-
May cause allergic reactions – eczema, gastrointestinal issues, hyperactivity, liver damage, hormonal imbalances in sensitive individuals; Caution for pregnant/nursing women.
-
Metabolized to propanol and gallic acid in the intestine.
-
Synergistic with other antioxidants – works best with ascorbic acid and citric acid.
-
Vegan and vegetarian – suitable for all dietary groups.
BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:
-
Food Industry (E310): Use as antioxidant in fats and oils; Margarine, meat products, sauces, snack foods; Dosage: maximum 200 mg/kg fat; Dissolve in oil/fat phase with gentle heating (40-50°C); Combine with ascorbic acid or citric acid for synergistic effect; Protect from light and heat.
-
Cosmetics: Use as antioxidant and skin protector; Creams, lotions, serums, sunscreens, makeup; Dosage 0.01-0.1%; Dissolve in oil phase; Protects against free radicals; Anti-aging effect; Strengthens skin's antioxidant defense.
-
Pharmaceutical: Use as stabilizer and antioxidant; Drug formulations, vitamin supplements; Dosage 0.01-0.1%; Stabilizes active ingredients; Prevents degradation; Extends shelf life.
-
Animal Feed: Use as antioxidant; Dosage 50-100 mg/kg feed; Subject to regulatory control; Check regional regulations.
-
Industrial: Use as stabilizer; Adhesives, lubricants, greases, polymers, biodiesel, paints; Dosage 0.1-0.5%; Flexible use; Lower certification requirements.
-
Handling: Use in well-ventilated areas; Avoid dust formation; Use dust masks (N95/FFP2) when handling powder; Use gloves and safety goggles.
-
Personal Protective Equipment: Dust mask (N95/FFP2 or higher), safety goggles, chemical-resistant gloves (nitrile, neoprene), protective clothing.
-
Hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly after handling; Do not eat, drink, or smoke while using.
-
Storage: Store in tightly closed, light-proof, moisture-proof containers; Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area; Protect from light, heat, and moisture; Opened containers must be resealed immediately; Shelf life: 24-48 months under proper conditions.
-
Spill Management: Sweep or vacuum (HEPA) and place in suitable sealed container; Avoid dust formation; Do not allow entry into drains or waterways.
-
Disposal: Dispose of in accordance with local, regional, and national regulations; Non-hazardous waste; Can be incinerated in compliance with regulations.
DETECTION METHODS:
| Method | Description | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|
| HPLC | Most common for food and cosmetics | High sensitivity, reliable | High cost, requires expertise |
| GC | Volatile derivatives analysis | Detects very low concentrations | Complex sample preparation |
| UV-Vis Spectrophotometry | UV absorption of phenolic structure | Fast, low cost | Low selectivity, interference |
| Electrochemical Sensors | Molecular imprinting technology | Highly sensitive, fast, portable | Limited outside laboratory |
| Fluorescence Probes | Radical scavenging property measurement | High specificity | New method, not widespread |
PROPYL GALLATE vs ALTERNATIVES COMPARISON:
| Product | Chemical Name / E Code | Application | Strength | Weakness | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Propyl Gallate (E310) | Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate | Fatty foods, cosmetics, pharma | Strong antioxidant, versatile | Side effects, limited food use | Restricted in Turkey, tight in EU |
| BHA (E320) | Butylated Hydroxyanisole | Food, cosmetics | Cheap, widespread | Health concerns, banned in some countries | Allowed in Turkey, restricted in EU |
| BHT (E321) | Butylated Hydroxytoluene | Food, cosmetics, feed | Low cost, high stability | Toxicity concerns, banned in some markets | Allowed in Turkey, restricted in EU |
| Tocopherols (E306-309) | Vitamin E natural derivatives | Food, cosmetics, pharma | Natural, consumer-friendly | Higher cost, lower stability | Widely accepted |
| Ascorbic Acid (E300) | Vitamin C | Food (water phase), cosmetics | Natural, safe | Ineffective in fatty products | Widely accepted |
LEGAL DISCLAIMER:
The information provided in this document is based on our current knowledge and experience and is presented in good faith. However, as all conditions of use are beyond our control, it does not constitute a binding specification or warranty. This Technical Data Sheet is for informational purposes only. Users are responsible for testing the suitability for their own applications. For complete safety, storage, use, handling, waste, and regulatory compliance information, please refer to the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier.
