Lead Ingot, Lead Block, Lead Slab, Pure Lead, 7439-92-1

LEAD INGOT (PURE LEAD)

PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

    Lead Ingot (Pb)
    
    Metallic Lattice Structure
    
         Pb  Pb  Pb  Pb
           \  |  /  |
            Pb Pb Pb Pb
           /  |  \  |
         Pb  Pb  Pb  Pb
    
    Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Crystal Structure

Molecular Formula: Pb (Elemental)
Crystal Structure: Face-Centered Cubic (FCC)
Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p²
Oxidation States: +2, +4 (primary)
Synonyms: Lead Ingot, Lead Block, Lead Slab, Pure Lead

SECTION 1: CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND DEFINITION

SECTION 2: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

SECTION 3: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND REACTIVITY

SECTION 4: COMPARISON OF LEAD AND RELATED METALS

SECTION 5: PRODUCTION METHODS

Method 1: Smelting and Refining (Most Common Method)

• Process: Lead ore (Galena - PbS) → Roasting → Smelting → Refining → Pure Lead

• Description: Lead ore is roasted to remove sulfur; Smelted with coke to produce crude lead; Refined by electrolysis or thermal refining; Most common industrial production method

Method 2: Electrolytic Refining

• Process: Crude lead → Electrolysis → Pure lead

• Reaction: Pb²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Pb (deposition at cathode)

• Description: Crude lead is used as anode; Pure lead is deposited on cathode through electrolysis; Produces high-purity lead (99.99%+)

Method 3: Thermal Refining (Fire Refining)

• Process: Crude lead → Heating → Fluxing → Slag removal → Pure lead

• Description: Crude lead is heated and treated with fluxes to remove impurities; Produces commercial-grade lead

Method 4: Casting and Forming

• Process: Pure lead → Melting → Casting → Ingot

• Description: Pure lead is melted and cast into ingot molds; Produced in standard sizes and weights

SECTION 6: FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES AND MECHANISM OF ACTION

SECTION 7: MAIN APPLICATION AREAS

SECTION 8: QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS (PURE LEAD INGOT)

SECTION 9: TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE

SECTION 10: GHS CLASSIFICATION AND LABELING

GHS Classification (Compliant with CLP and UN GHS):

Signal Word: DANGER

Hazard Pictograms: GHS08 (Health Hazard), GHS07 (Exclamation Mark), GHS09 (Environment)

Hazard Statements (H-Codes):

NFPA 704 Hazard Classification:

SECTION 11: PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS (P-CODES)

SECTION 12: FIRST AID MEASURES

SECTION 13: FIREFIGHTING MEASURES

SECTION 14: STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE

SECTION 15: PACKAGING OPTIONS

SECTION 16: TRANSPORT INFORMATION

SECTION 17: REGULATORY STATUS

SECTION 18: OTHER NAMES AND SYNONYMS

SECTION 19: SUMMARY TABLE

SECTION 20: CRITICAL WARNINGS AND BEST PRACTICES

CRITICAL WARNINGS:

• HIGHLY TOXIC. Lead is a toxic metal that accumulates in the body. Causes serious health effects.

• Suspected of causing cancer (H351). IARC Group 2A; NTP Known human carcinogen.

• May damage fertility or the unborn child (H360Df). Reproductive toxicant.

• Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure (H372). Affects nervous system, kidneys, blood.

• Harmful if swallowed or inhaled (H302/H332). Avoid ingestion and inhalation.

• Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects (H411). Prevent environmental release.

• Non-combustible but decomposes at high temperatures releasing toxic lead oxide fumes.

• Forms protective oxide layer but avoid contact with acids.

• Incompatibilities: Keep away from strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, and strong bases.

• Hygiene Requirement: Contaminated clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace. Separate work clothing required.

• Children and pregnant women are especially sensitive to lead exposure.

BEST PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS:

• Battery Production: Use in lead-acid battery manufacturing; Automotive and industrial batteries; Maintain strict purity specifications; Lead is essential for battery grids and active materials.

• Radiation Shielding: Use for protection against X-rays and gamma radiation; Medical and nuclear applications; High density (11.34 g/cm³) provides effective shielding; Handle with care; Follow radiation safety protocols.

• Cable Sheathing: Use for underground and submarine cables; Provides corrosion protection and mechanical protection.

• Alloy Production: Use in solder (tin-lead); Hard lead (antimony-lead); Battery grids (calcium-lead); Handle with appropriate PPE.

• Handling: Use ONLY in well-ventilated areas or under fume hoods; Avoid dust generation; Wear appropriate respiratory protection; Do not eat, drink, or smoke in work areas.

• Personal Protective Equipment: Wear impermeable gloves (nitrile, neoprene), chemical safety goggles, full-face shield, protective clothing, and NIOSH-approved lead fume/dust respirator.

• Hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly after handling; Do not eat, drink, or smoke when using; Do not take contaminated working clothes home; Shower at the end of the work shift; Regular blood lead monitoring for workers.

• Storage: Store in tightly closed, properly labeled containers in dry conditions; Store separately from food and feed; Store locked up; Regular monitoring for lead contamination.

• Spill Response: Avoid raising dust; Wear full PPE; Vacuum or wet-sweep; Place in properly labeled closed containers; Do not allow to enter drains or waterways.

• Disposal: Dispose of in accordance with local, regional, and national regulations; Lead is regulated as hazardous waste; Do not discharge into sewers or water sources.

SPECIAL NOTE ON LEAD TOXICITY (PLUMBISM):

Lead poisoning (plumbism) is a serious health concern:

• Symptoms: Abdominal pain, headache, fatigue, memory loss, anemia, kidney damage, neurological damage

• Children: Developmental delays, learning difficulties, behavioral problems

• Pregnant Women: Miscarriage, premature birth, developmental problems in fetus

• Bioaccumulation: Accumulates in bones and teeth (half-life 20-30 years)

• Blood Lead Level (BLL): OSHA requires medical removal at BLL ≥ 50 µg/dL; CDC recommends intervention at BLL ≥ 5 µg/dL

• Prevention: Regular blood lead monitoring; Proper PPE; Hygiene practices; Engineering controls; Substitution where possible

SPECIAL NOTE ON LEAD-ACID BATTERIES:

Lead is essential for lead-acid battery technology:

• Anode: Lead (Pb) → Lead sulfate (PbSO₄) during discharge

• Cathode: Lead dioxide (PbO₂) → Lead sulfate (PbSO₄) during discharge

• Electrolyte: Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)

• Applications: Automotive starter batteries; Industrial batteries; UPS batteries; Renewable energy storage

• Recycling: Lead-acid batteries are highly recyclable (>99% recycling rate)

LEGAL DISCLAIMER:

The information provided in this document is based on our current knowledge and experience and is presented in good faith. However, as all conditions of use are beyond our control, this document does not constitute a binding specification or warranty. This Technical Data Sheet is for informational purposes only. Users are responsible for testing suitability for their own applications. For complete safety, storage, handling, transportation, waste, and regulatory compliance information, please refer to the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier.