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Send EmailMannitol, D-Mannitol, L-Mannitol, Osmitrol, Manna Sugar, Cordycepic Acid, Sea Crystal, E421, 69-65-8
MANNITOL – MANNİTOL
CAS Number: 69-65-8
EC Number (EINECS): 200-711-8
Molecular Formula: C₆H₁₄O₆
Molecular Weight: 182.17 g/mol
E Number: E421
SECTION 1: CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND DEFINITION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name (IUPAC) | (2R,3R,4R,5R)-Hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol |
| Other Names | Mannitol, D-Mannitol, Osmitrol, Manna Sugar, Manna Sugar, Kordisepik Acid, Sea Crystal, Osmofundin, Maniton-S, L-Mannitol |
| Chemical Formula | C₆H₁₄O₆ |
| Molecular Weight | 182.17 g/mol |
| CAS Number | 69-65-8 |
| EC Number (EINECS) | 200-711-8 |
| E Number | E421 (Sweetener, humectant, anti-caking agent) |
| Chemical Class | Sugar alcohol (polyol) |
| Appearance | White, crystalline powder or granules |
| Odor | Slightly characteristic |
| Taste | Sweet (~50-60% of sucrose) |
| Physical State (20°C) | Solid (crystalline powder or granules) |
SECTION 2: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Appearance | White, crystalline powder or granules |
| Odor | Slightly characteristic |
| Taste | Sweet (~50-60% of sucrose) |
| Molecular Weight | 182.17 g/mol |
| Melting Point | 166 – 168 °C |
| Boiling Point | 290 – 295 °C |
| Density (20°C) | 1.52 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in Water (25°C) | 216 g/L |
| Solubility in Water (20°C) | 180 g/L |
| Solubility in Glycerin | 1 g / 18 mL |
| Solubility in Ethanol | Slightly soluble |
| Solubility in Ether | Practically insoluble |
| pH (5% solution) | 5.0 – 7.0 (neutral) |
| Hygroscopicity | Low (non-hygroscopic) |
| Sweetness (Sucrose = 100) | ~50-60 |
| Caloric Value | ~2.5 kcal/g |
| Specific Rotation [α]D²⁰ | +23° to +25° |
| Refractive Index (nD²⁰) | ~1.46 |
SECTION 3: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
| Property | Information |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | C₆H₁₄O₆ |
| Molecular Weight | 182.17 g/mol |
| Chemical Class | Sugar alcohol (polyol) |
| Functional Groups | Six hydroxyl (-OH) groups |
| Structure | Hexahydric alcohol derivative |
| SMILES | C(C@@HO)O |
| InChI Key | FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N |
| Stability | Stable under normal storage conditions |
| Hygroscopicity | Low (non-hygroscopic) |
| Cariogenicity | Non-cariogenic (does not promote tooth decay) |
| Incompatible Materials | Strong oxidizing agents, strong acids |
Chemical Structure:
CH₂OH
|
(CHOH)₄
|
CH₂OH
(D-Mannitol)
SECTION 4: NATURAL SOURCES
| Source | Description |
|---|---|
| Fruits and Vegetables | Naturally occurring |
| Mushrooms | Functions as sugar and carbohydrate reserve |
| Seaweed | Industrial source |
| Manna (Fraxinus ornus) | Known as "Manna sugar" |
SECTION 5: MANUFACTURING PROCESS
| Stage | Process | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hydrogenation | Catalytic hydrogenation of glucose or fructose |
| 2 | Purification | Ion exchange, activated carbon treatment |
| 3 | Crystallization | Cooling crystallization |
| 4 | Drying | Vacuum drying |
| 5 | Packaging | Packaged as powder or granules |
Reaction:
Glucose + H₂ → Mannitol (Catalytic Hydrogenation)
C₆H₁₂O₆ + H₂ → C₆H₁₄O₆
SECTION 6: FOOD INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS (E421)
| Application | Function |
|---|---|
| Diet Products | Low-calorie sweetener |
| Sugar-Free Products | Sweetener, humectant |
| Chewing Gum | Sweetener, humectant |
| Confectionery | Sweetener, humectant |
| Nuts and Snacks | Flavor enhancer, coating agent |
| Anti-Caking Agent | Prevents caking (anti-caking agent) |
| Flavor Enhancer | Flavor enhancer and sweetener |
| Diabetic Foods | Low glycemic index sweetener |
| Freezing Point Depressant | Lowers freezing point in foods |
| Crystallization Inhibitor | Prevents crystallization |
SECTION 7: PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
| Application | Function |
|---|---|
| Chewable Tablets | Non-hygroscopic nature makes it a primary component |
| Medicated Chewing Gum | Sweetening agent |
| Brain and Eye Edema | Used in medications for edema treatment |
| Diuretic Drugs | Increases urine production |
| Kidney Failure | Removes toxins and excess water |
| Osmotic Diuretic | As osmotic diuretic (Osmitrol®) |
| Liquid Formulations | Sweetener, stabilizer |
| Tablet Binder | Binder in tablet formulations |
| Controlled Release Systems | Binder and filler material |
SECTION 8: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
| Application | Function |
|---|---|
| Antifreeze Production | In sugar alcohol group (mannitol, sorbitol, maltitol) |
| Freezing Point Depressant | Lowers freezing point by increasing water activity and crystallization inhibition |
| Vehicle Engine Additives | Anti-wear additive (with monoethylene glycol in small amounts) |
| Cosmetics | Moisturizer, stabilizer |
| Plastics and Polymers | Plasticizer |
SECTION 9: COMPARISON WITH OTHER SWEETENERS
| Property | Mannitol (E421) | Sorbitol (E420) | Sucrose | Xylitol |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweetness (Sucrose=100) | ~50-60 | ~60 | 100 | ~100 |
| Calories (kcal/g) | ~2.5 | 2.6 | 4.0 | 2.4 |
| Hygroscopicity | Low | High | Low | Medium |
| Dental Health | Non-cariogenic | Non-cariogenic | Cariogenic | Non-cariogenic |
| Water Solubility | 216 g/L | 220 g/L | 2000 g/L | 640 g/L |
| Melting Point | 168 °C | 111 °C | 186 °C | 95 °C |
SECTION 10: QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS (FOOD GRADE)
| Parameter | Specification (USP / Ph. Eur. / FCC) |
|---|---|
| Appearance | White, crystalline powder or granules |
| Identification | Positive (Mannitol tests) |
| Assay (on dried basis) | 98.0 – 102.0% |
| Loss on Drying | ≤ 0.5% |
| Residue on Ignition | ≤ 0.1% |
| pH (5% solution) | 5.0 – 7.0 |
| Chlorides (Cl) | ≤ 0.005% |
| Sulfates (SO₄) | ≤ 0.01% |
| Heavy Metals (as Pb) | ≤ 10 ppm |
| Lead (Pb) | ≤ 2 ppm |
| Arsenic (As) | ≤ 3 ppm |
| Mercury (Hg) | ≤ 1 ppm |
| Nickel (Ni) | ≤ 1 ppm |
| Reducing Sugars | ≤ 0.1% |
| Total Sugars | ≤ 0.5% |
| Specific Rotation [α]D²⁰ | +23° to +25° |
SECTION 11: MICROBIOLOGICAL SPECIFICATIONS
| Parameter | Specification |
|---|---|
| Total Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria | ≤ 1,000 CFU/g |
| Yeast and Mold | ≤ 100 CFU/g |
| Salmonella spp. | Negative in 25g |
| Escherichia coli | Negative in 10g |
SECTION 12: STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Storage Conditions | Cool (15-25°C), dry, well-ventilated area |
| Container Requirements | Tightly closed, original packaging |
| Protect From | Moisture, strong oxidizing agents, strong acids |
| Shelf Life | 24-60 months (unopened original packaging) |
| Stability Note | Non-hygroscopic; does not cake in humid conditions |
SECTION 13: PACKAGING OPTIONS
| Packaging Type | Quantity | Material |
|---|---|---|
| PE-lined kraft paper bag | 25 kg | Kraft paper + PE |
| Plastic pail | 20-25 kg | HDPE |
| Aluminum foil bag | 1-5 kg | Laminated aluminum |
| Fiber drum | 25-50 kg | HDPE + PE |
| Big-Bag | 500-1000 kg | Polypropylene |
SECTION 14: SAFETY AND HEALTH INFORMATION
GHS Classification (Bulk Powder)
| Hazard Class | Category |
|---|---|
| Not classified as hazardous | - |
Hazard Statements
| Code | Statement |
|---|---|
| None | Not classified as hazardous |
Precautionary Statements
| Code | Statement |
|---|---|
| P261 | Avoid breathing dust |
| P280 | Wear protective gloves/eye protection |
| P305+P351+P338 | IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes; remove contact lenses if present and easy to do; continue rinsing |
SECTION 15: TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Oral LD50 (Rat) | > 15,000 mg/kg |
| ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) | Not specified (JECFA) |
| Carcinogenicity | Not classified |
| Mutagenicity | Negative in standard tests |
| Reproductive Toxicity | No evidence of adverse effects |
| FDA GRAS | 21 CFR 180.30 |
| Laxative Effect | May cause osmotic diarrhea at high doses |
SECTION 16: FIRST AID MEASURES
| Exposure Route | Action |
|---|---|
| Inhalation | Move to fresh air. If respiratory irritation persists, seek medical attention. |
| Skin Contact | Wash with plenty of soap and water. |
| Eye Contact | Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention. |
| Ingestion | Rinse mouth. Drink plenty of water. Seek medical attention. |
SECTION 17: REGULATORY STATUS
| Region / Authority | Status |
|---|---|
| European Union | Approved as E421 |
| USA (FDA) | GRAS (21 CFR 180.30) |
| Turkey | Approved (Turkish Food Codex) |
| JECFA (FAO/WHO) | Approved; ADI: Not specified |
| Codex Alimentarius | Approved (INS 421) |
| USP | Monograph available |
| Ph. Eur. | Monograph available |
| FCC | Monograph available |
SECTION 18: TRANSPORT INFORMATION
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| UN Number | Not regulated (not dangerous goods) |
| Hazard Class | Not applicable |
| Packing Group | Not applicable |
| ADR/RID | Not regulated |
| IMDG Code | Not regulated |
| IATA (Air) | Not regulated |
| Marine Pollutant | No |
SECTION 19: FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Fire Hazard | Combustible organic solid |
| Suitable Extinguishing Media | Water spray (mist), CO₂, dry chemical powder |
| Specific Hazards | When heated, emits CO, CO₂ |
| Decomposition Products | CO, CO₂ |
| Protective Equipment | Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), full protective clothing |
SECTION 20: ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE AND CLEANUP
| Parameter | Information |
|---|---|
| Personal Protection | Nitrile gloves, protective goggles, dust mask (N95) |
| Cleaning Methods | Collect mechanically (sweep or spatula) |
| Environmental Precautions | Prevent entry into drains, soil, and surface waters |
| Waste Disposal | According to local regulations; landfilling at licensed facilities |
SECTION 21: OTHER NAMES AND SYNONYMS
| Type | Name |
|---|---|
| Turkish Names | Mannitol, Manna Şekeri, Deniz Kristali, Kordisepik Asit |
| English Names | Mannitol, D-Mannitol, Osmitrol, Manna Sugar |
| Chemical Names | (2R,3R,4R,5R)-Hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol |
| Trade Names | Osmitrol®, Osmofundin®, Maniton-S® |
| E Number | E421 |
| CAS Number | 69-65-8 |
| EC Number | 200-711-8 |
| INCI | Mannitol |
SECTION 22: SUMMARY AND CRITICAL NOTES
Product Summary
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Product | Mannitol |
| CAS Number | 69-65-8 |
| E Number | E421 |
| Appearance | White, crystalline powder or granules |
| Molecular Weight | 182.17 g/mol |
| Sweetness | 50-60% of sucrose |
| Calories | ~2.5 kcal/g |
| Primary Function | Sweetener, humectant, anti-caking agent |
Critical Notes
-
Sugar Alcohol: Mannitol is a sugar alcohol (polyol) obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of glucose or fructose.
-
Low Hygroscopicity: Unlike sorbitol and other sugar alcohols, mannitol is non-hygroscopic, making it a preferred ingredient in chewable tablets.
-
Non-Cariogenic: Does not promote tooth decay; used in sugar-free chewing gum and oral care products.
-
Osmotic Diuretic: Used in medicine for brain and eye edema treatment, and for toxin removal in kidney failure.
-
Laxative Effect: May cause osmotic diarrhea at high doses; gastrointestinal tolerance should be considered.
-
Naturally Occurring: Found naturally in fruits, vegetables, and mushrooms.
-
Wide Applications: Used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and industrial applications.
-
FDA GRAS: Approved as GRAS by FDA (21 CFR 180.30).
-
Industrial Uses: Used in antifreeze production, as freezing point depressant, and as anti-wear additive in vehicle engines.
-
Versatility: Serves as sweetener, humectant, anti-caking agent, filler, and osmotic diuretic across multiple industries.
IMPORTANT DECLARATION: This Technical Data Sheet (TDS) is for informational purposes only and has been prepared based on available technical data. The user is responsible for determining the product's suitability for their specific application and for complying with all local, national, and international regulations. For complete safety, storage, use, transport, waste, and regulatory compliance information, refer to the official Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) provided by the manufacturer/supplier. This document does not replace medical advice.
